The Product Stewardship Act of 2011 was also designed to establish a framework by which the environmental, health, and safety impacts of electrical and electronic equipment and its recycling and disposal are adequately managed [44,45]. In todays increasingly technology-dominated world, it seems that were always on the lookout for the next upgrade on our mobile phone, the next games console to distract us from work and the next gadget to monitor every waking (and sleeping!) The first phase is to define the scope of the review. Khetriwal D.S., Kraeuchi P., Widmer R. Producer responsibility for E-waste management: Key issues for considerationLearning from the Swiss experience. Defining realistic end-of-life scenarios for assessing impacts of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is challenging as homogenous and comprehensive data sets are missing. Calculating arrival date. Previously, due to the lack of an e-waste national regulatory framework, local government councils had difficulties in managing e-waste, and they had no strategies to address e-waste issues [46,47]. What is the Main Goal of Secure Data Destruction? Thus, Indias e-waste recycling is a market-driven industry [55] and is dominated by a number of informal actors. In order to manufacture a single computer and monitor, it requires, E-waste has the potential to expose people to, Research has shown a connection between many health effects and exposure to e-waste. Unfair trade: E-waste in Africa. Accordingly, this study reviews previous research on e-waste generation and environmental management of Australia, China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, identifies problems and challenges that negatively impact e-waste management in these countries, provides an overview of progress made, and identifies areas for future research. PRISMA flow chart indicating the results of searches. "Products covered under this legislation include TVs, computers, laptops, and scanners. Table 1 shows e-waste generated around the world and per continent in 2016. The fourth section provides the results of this study and analyzes the results. E-waste is defined as an electrical appliance that no longer satisfies the user for its intended purpose [33]. - In 2019 the e-waste output of the world weighed the equivalent of 350 cruise ships. - Emerging International Labmate Limited [6], Some European countries implemented laws prohibiting the disposal of electronic waste in landfills in the 1990s. An overview of the dispersion of the selected papers in terms of year of publication shows there is increased interest in e-waste from 2005 to 2020. It can be seen that the majority of the selected countries in this present study are faced with an increasing amount of e-waste. The following recommendations are suggested based on the findings of this study: Although different countries have endorsed and passed their respective e-waste regulations in other to manage e-waste, implementing appropriate and structured policy approaches will support all efforts directed towards effectively managing e-waste across the globe. The Global E-Waste Monitor 2020: Quantities, Flows and the Circular Economy Potential. Of the 172 parties to the Convention, Afghanistan, Haiti, and the United States have signed the Convention but have not yet ratified it. The only way out of the worlds current e-waste crisis is to recycle our electronic devices better and develop safer e-waste recycling methods. The site is secure. Chung S., Zhang C. An evaluation of legislative measures on electrical and electronic waste in the Peoples Republic of China. Firstly, although, literature presents results of various studies on e-waste generation [3,4,5,8,14,15,16,17], recycling [14,15,16,17], treatment [4,18,19,20], and environmental management [8,21,22,23,24]; however, few studies have focused on the impact of e-waste generated in the Asia Pacific countries selected and its consequential effects on human health and the environment. China is one of the leading producers of EEE, and currently, the country is experiencing incredible growth in e-waste generation from both domestic and international sources [9,26,49]. Chi X., Streicher-Porte M., Wang M.Y., Reuter M.A. Agrawal S., Singh R.K., Murtaza Q. The importance of selecting these countries such as Australia, India, China, Indonesia, and Malaysia in the Asia Pacific region in terms of environmental and market perspectives cannot be overemphasised. Widmer R., Oswald-Krapf H., Sinha-Khetriwal D., Schnellmann M.B.E., Oni H. Global perspectives on E-waste. About 90% of the e-waste in India is illegally recycled in the informal sector and involves different groups, including women and children [57,58]. What are you reading this blog on? Health consequences of exposure to E-waste: A systematic review. [24] In addition, these companies are required to accept old electronics from consumers free of charge. [25] Theyve since been working to implement a law, with the help of the National Environment Commission (CONAMA), that would add regulatory power over waste production. Present situation and main obstacles for improvement; Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and The Environment; Orlando, FL, USA. He P., Wang C., Zuo C. The present and future availability of high-tech minerals in waste mobile phones: Evidence from China. Landfills can be either controlled or uncontrolled. Children of these workers have been shown to have reduced birth weights and birth lengths. For North America and Europe, the numbers are adjusted to exclude export-flows. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Hence, e-waste has become one of the major challenges in these countries, and it is, therefore, crucial for these countries to investigate the development of a well-organised and inexpensive recycling scheme to extract valuable resources with inconsequential environmental impacts. Herat S., Pariatamby A. E-waste: A problem or an opportunity? Agamuthu P., Victor D. Policy trends of E-waste management in Asia. [30] The Product Stewardship Act 2011 introduced new legislation and provided a framework for developing legislatively backed product stewardship for Australia. So how often do you discard outdated or unwanted electronic devices? Salhofer S., Steuer B., Ramusch R., Beigl P. WEEE management in Europe and ChinaA comparison. The uncontrolled landfills pose a high risk for harmful exposure to the surrounding environment. Statistics from the Department of Transportation reveal that 21,539 hazardous material incidents occurred within 2021 in the United States alone. Amechi E.P., Oni B.A. TCLP heavy metal leaching of personal computer components. [32], this study adopted a five-phase approach. Results of the analysis also indicate the country still faces significant issues in managing the ever-increasing amount of e-waste generated even though several material recovery facilities (MFR) have been established. Cesaro A., Marra A., Kuchta K., Belgorno V., Van Hullebusch E.D. "This created an e-waste processing industry in Europe. Nnorom I.C., Osibanjo O. This leads to the identification of 235 relevant articles. Kumar A., Li J. Under the new regulations, recycling of electronics by the consumer is mandated. Management of e-waste in Malaysia is still in its infancy and only began in 2005 [77]. This unregulated e-waste recycling method is currently flourishing in China. E-waste is one of the most urgent and pressing challenges of our time; however, it is routinely ignored. Yoshida A., Terazono A., Ballesteros F.C., Nguyen D.Q., Sukandar S., Kojima M., Sakata S. E-waste recycling processes in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam: A case study of cathode ray tube TVs and monitors. An intuitionistic fuzzy multicriteria group decision model for solid waste disposal site selection. F +44 (0)1727 840 310 Extended producer responsibility for waste electronics: An example of printer recycling in the United Kingdom. what happens to this device? Sustainability assessment and prioritisation of E-waste management options in Brazil. It also requires the recycling of unnecessary materials discarded in the manufacturing process. Solving The E-Waste Problem (Step) White Paper: One Global Definition of E-Waste. This study considered literature reviews to identify key issues associated with e-waste management and to conduct an extensive evaluation of e-waste management practices in the selected countries. Jaibee S., Abd Rahim A.K., Mohamad F., Jamian S., Seiji Y., Muhd Nor N.H. Review on current status of waste electric and electronic product in Malaysia. The introduction of the National Waste Policy in 2009 was designed to set the direction of Australias e-waste management and resource recovery for 10 years from 2010 to 2020. "[20], Canadian Federal legislation Niza S., Santos E., Costa I., Ribeiro P., Ferrao P. Extended producer responsibility policy in Portugal: A strategy towards improving waste management performance.
Since that time the television and computer industry has been working with the EPHC to identify a suitable way to manage end-of-life televisions and computers. In view of the multidimensional socio-economic nature of emerging economies, it is vital to consistently assess and evaluate existing policies to identify gaps and areas for improvement. Circuit boards have. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Sharma K.D., Jain S. Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management: The global scenario. Mmereki D., Li B., Baldwin A., Hong L. The generation, composition, collection, treatment and disposal system, and impact of E-waste. Sandelowski M. Combining qualitative and quantitative sampling, data collection, and analysis techniques in mixed-method studies. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. L.A.: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, WritingOriginal Draft; S.W. Andrade D.F., Romanelli J.P., Pereira-Filho E.R. United Nations University; 2014. Since 2016, the Indonesian government has been in the process of formulating a unified e-waste regulation for the country, which would apply to all the 37 Indonesian provinces, but this is yet to be realised [28,72]. Schumacher K.A., Agbemabiese L. Towards comprehensive E-waste legislation in the United States: Design considerations based on quantitative and qualitative assessments. Minimal research has been undertaken to assess the effectiveness of e-waste policy management strategies. However, the level of recycling is not keeping up the pace. Additionally, the European Union has implemented several directives and regulations that place the responsibility for "recovery, reuse and recycling" on the manufacturer. Emerging States and Economies. The composition and quantities of these materials vary in each electronic device depending on the manufacturer, the equipment type, model, and the age it was discarded. These document types have been selected as they represent state-of-the-art research outputs with high impact [32]. Across the world, the growing amount of e-waste threatens the environment and local communities, as incorrectly disposed e-waste results in life-endangering toxic chemicals released into the environment and the loss of precious metals [2,4,5,6,7]. The difficulties/challenges in managing e-waste in Indonesia is primarily due to (a) the inability of the government to understand and deal with the interest of stakeholders involved, (b) the government regulations are beneficial to only a few parties, and (c) there is strong resistance between the government agencies [73]. For example, official statistics indicate that India currently recycles less than a quarter of its e-waste. All products come to their end-of-use, and despite sometimes being reused, rebuilt or stored, eventually they reach their end-of-life. In addition, stores like Staples, Verizon, and BestBuy accept drop-offs, although it is always better to call ahead to confirm they will take your product for recycling. In Indonesia, large amounts of e-waste are imported from developed countries. PMC legacy view Gu Y., Wu Y., Xu M., Mu X., Zuo T. Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling for a sustainable resource supply in the electronics industry in China. However, there is a limited study in addressing the environmental and health implications associated with e-waste for achieving sustainable e-waste management. Kojima M., Yoshida A., Sasaki S. Difficulties in applying extended producer responsibility policies in developing countries: Case studies in E-waste recycling in China and Thailand. Yao L., Liu T., Chen X., Mahdi M., Ni J. E-waste: A global hazard. Australia is placed among the top 10 consumers of electronic products in the world. Lepawsky J. Yu J., Williams E., Ju M., Shao C. Managing E-waste in China: Policies, pilot projects and alternative approaches. E-waste management scenarios in Malaysia. Results indicate that although there are strategies to manage e-waste in Malaysia, challenges persist and the pressure to manage e-waste is now even more crucial. Review of issues, challenges and solutions in Asian countries. Finally, challenges and practices associated with e-waste management are discussed to present the proposed policy approaches and recommendations. India is among the top 10 countries in the world in e-waste generation after the U.S. and China. Indeed, a recent report suggested that the real percentage is far lower at just 5%. Aslam M.S., Huang B., Cui L. Review of construction and demolition waste management in China and USA. 1315 December 2015; pp. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) is the national regulator responsible for formulating legislation related to e-waste management and environmental protection. In 2019 alone, more than 50 million tons (Mt) of e-waste was generated globally. ICT waste handling: regional and global end-of-life treatment scenarios for ICT equipment, Master of Science thesis, Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm. Borthakur A., Govind M. How well are we managing E-waste in India: Evidences from the city of Bangalore. You seem to be using an old web browser. Efforts are being made to recycle and reduce this waste. Moreover, prior studies on e-waste are centred on a small number of developed countries, which represent a standard or benchmark for developing e-waste management policies for emerging countries. Bhaskar and Kumar [25] added that implementing appropriate e-waste management strategies will contribute to the achievement of sustainable development goals and reduce the global climate crisis through developing the necessary, needed, and required e-waste policies. Today, e-waste in India is a significant waste stream both in terms of volume and toxicity [55]. To resolve the nations escalating e-waste challenges, the Australian government established the National Waste Policy in 2019 to integrate existing policies and regulatory frameworks for e-waste management [9,45,48]. The amount of e-waste generated worldwide increased three times faster than the worlds population. Tape Drive vs Hard Drive - Which Should You Use? Several studies have pointed out that failure to adopt appropriate recycling practices for e-waste may cause environmental disasters and health concerns to humans due to the presence of hazardous materials. Although the country has no presence of a specific regulation to manage its e-waste, the Environmental Protection and Management Act No. (National Library of Medicine), People living in or near e-waste recycling towns have shown evidence of greater DNA damage. In recent years, researchers have increasingly used quantitative and qualitative research (mixed methods) techniques to expand the scope and improve the analytic power of their studies [29,30]. [25] Today, Colombia has a legal framework for EPR in place. The flow of E-waste material in the Asian region and a reconsideration of inter-national trade policies on E-waste. Patibanda S., Bichinepally S., Yadav B.P., Bahukandi K.D., Sharma M. Al-Rahmi W., Alias N., Dahawi A.A., Yahaya N., Saleh M., Al-Maatouk Q. This is evidenced by the major success of its recent emissions monitoring conference. Many Asian countries have legislated, or will do so, for electronic waste recycling. In 2014 figures indicate Americans threw out roughly 416,000 cell phones each day. (National Library of Medicine), Workers recovering materials from e-waste are at an increased risk of stillbirths, premature births, and spontaneous abortions. Most importantly, e-waste is tremendously damaging to the health of the people living or working in or around e-waste recycling sites. Previous studies on e-waste conducted in the selected countries from 2005 to 2020. Europe also treats imported waste from mainly North America in their controlled waste management systems. [2] suggest that many countries, including countries in the Asia Pacific region, are not sufficiently managing e-waste generated, and greater effort is needed to ensure smarter and more sustainable global production, consumption, management, and disposal of e-waste.
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