Bin for collecting used PPE from commercial food centers in Makkah. A literature survey indicated the potential of spread of the COVID-19 pandemic because of the different tasks (e.g., handling, collection, transportation, and disposal) involving MSW, through improper and traditional environmental management (Mol and Caldas 2020). Plastic waste associated with the COVID-19 pandemic: crisis or opportunity? 2020). 2003). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Using a snowball sampling method, an online questionnaire was administered to 523 respondents to gather data on household knowledge of waste management. 2021). ?19:ko3L&no&0?|{ 6LOv160@Sp}/{Ln{h?1Z|0~ha#e>{7q.=]x=o|Cpf]@kS}ro I=ty=a fz86wYof(=uI\yr\EG tMA;XT7:|HCw(``'^u8rjs rr0_}P1aF The suggested specific guidance plans for MSW management during COVID-19 in Makkah can be summarized in the following points: The implementation of control measures, such as the lockdown of citizens, suspending Umrah, performing Hajj with a very limited number of pilgrims, and closing hotels and commercial centers, changed the lifestyle of citizens and, thus, the MSW constitution in Makkah. In indoor environmental conditions (at room temperature, 24C), SARS-CoV-2 may persist for hours to days on different kinds of contaminated surfaces (stainless steel, plastic, or nitrile glove). Khoo KS, Ho LY, Lim HR, Leong HY, Chew KW. Human coronavirus 229E remains infectious on common touch surface materials. 0000061677 00000 n
Available online: MoHP (Ministry of Health and Prevention, United Arab Emirates) (2020) The important preventive actions against corona virus (COVID -19), United Arab Emirates. Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. In addition, the paper presents a practical e-waste management approaches and concepts; like Value-Belief Norm and Extended Producer Responsibility might be implemented and used in tomorrow's Saudi. Increasing temperature and relative humidity accelerates inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces. (2020) summarized the management practices of plastic waste due to the effect of the COVID-19, investigated the options for plastic waste management, and proposed specific guidelines for MSW handling, i.e., changing the consumers habits during the COVID-19 crisis will modify the priorities of MSW management. In the western region of Saudi Arabia (Makkah and Madinah cities), it was indicated that almost all SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs among the households within the indoor environment (Habeebullah et al. 0000003388 00000 n
The potential of infection by the virus through MSW calls for the development of alternative and specific guidance plans, as well as for the updating of policies and guidelines for municipal solid waste management (MSWM), considering MSW workers, handling, collection, transportation, and disposal of the MSW mixed with PPE (e.g., gloves and face masks) during the COVID-19 pandemic and future pandemics, to ensure the safe management of MSW and to minimize the related infection risks. Global lockdowns were implemented, to reduce the public SARS-CoV-2 infection risk (Saadat et al. Das AK, Islam MN, Billah MM, Sarker A. COVID-19 and municipal solid waste (MSW) management: a review. The elements that can affect the management of MSW during COVID-19 and future pandemics can be summarized as follows: the pickers of MSW (i.e., MSW handlers), plastic bins, metallic containers, specific vehicles, transfer stations, compactor vehicles, and disposal (see Figure Figure8).8). hb```@
9:$.Er6$X08mbb~,cz(a00je&3Y RfBFs~ [p/ra=a%&J0hxf3VZuj5_jP32KnHHM]&;`Ct2%IOlqvfM]N5uP0+fmFj MS
bX^N fN- rd,ZOY2Dr|r=e;iBn m9:?5.eu6V1YAf6HL2"C0L R5Dbj`1 MSW samples were collected on a daily basis in households, sorted in situ according to the major categories, and weighed and averaged from a total of 8 households of central districts in Makkah city during a week period. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a major environmental impact, having direct impacts on enhancing the air quality levels around the world due to minimizing the traffic activities during the lockdown, and on the operational tasks of MSW management (ISWA 2020). These implemented actions and curfew lead to a direct/indirect impact on the status of MSW, regarding the generation rates, characterization, and disposal of MSW as described in Table Table1,1, wherein the generated MSW from commercial centers, schools, universities, wedding halls, hotels, visitors housing, restaurants, and cafes was decreased, in addition to decreasing of the generation of plastic cups and water bottles from mosques. %PDF-1.6
%
Some studies have focused on MSW management during the COVID-19 pandemic, but it is expected that municipalities will have more concerns by the time to control this factor of infection (Smart Waste Report European Union 2020), due to the direct contact between the MSW and the operators (scavengers). 0000018311 00000 n
Available online: Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Centre (2021) COVID-19 dashboard by the Centre for Systems Science and Engineering. The generated MSW from quarantine sites (homes, hotels), except that which is medical waste-related (e.g., safety face masks, gloves, and other disposable items), should be treated as normal MSW after the necessary measures are taken (e.g., double-bagging, tying properly, and 2/3 of capacity). Klemes JJ, Fan YV, Tan RR, Jiang P. Minimising the present and future plastic waste, energy and environmental footprints related to COVID-19. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the major priorities for MSW management were (1) ensuring the proper management of SW facilities (i.e., treatment and disposal facilities); (2) strict adjustments to recycling facilities, in order to prevent the potential of infections and cross-contamination; and (3) confirming that the medical waste from quarantine hospitals and centers is treated and managed in a safe manner (ISWA 2020), where it is managed as medical wastes. The spread of COVID-19 infection increased and, as a result, severe concerns were concluded in several scientific references (Warnes et al. endstream
endobj
612 0 obj
<. 9o] OmD 7ss/6S}. 0000005569 00000 n
8600 Rockville Pike 2020). Fears of accumulating plastic waste generated from PPE (i.e., face masks, hand gloves, and plastic sterilization packages) during COVID-19 led to their mixing with MSW (OSHA 2020). Until the 20th of June 2021, the number of the global confirmed cases was 178,268,289 and the number of global deaths was 3,861,485, while on the local level, the number of infected cases in Saudi Arabia was 474,191 with 7,677 deaths (Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Centre 2021). Critical points of MSW management before and during COVID-19 pandemic (under pandemic conditions: strict precautions during collection, transportation, ecovery, disposal, and suspend recycling). 2020). Luca F, Cervino G, Matarese M, DAmico C, Surace G, Paduano V, Fiorillo MT, Moschella A, La Bruna A, Luca Romano G, Laudicella R, Baldari S, Cicci M. COVID-19 surface persistence: a recent data summary and its importance for medical and dental settings. 2020). Ijaz MK, Brunner AH, Sattar SA, Nair RC, Johnson-Lussenburg CM. 2010; and Chan et al. Handling the disinfectants and cleaning solutions as contaminated MSW. 1985). In addition to the establishment of the Saudi Patient Safety Center (SPSC), which contributed to increasing the percentage of hospitals that achieved the American average for measured patient safety culture from 30% in 2018 to 60% in 2019, the Kingdom topped the list of Arab countries, in terms of the Global Health Security Index, in 2019 and was ranked 47th globally. Strategy development in the framework of waste management. %PDF-1.6
%
A variety of practices for MSW and mixed waste have been developed globally in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be summarized as follows: the separation of the generated MSW from quarantine sites and its disposal in an isolated cell covered with the layer of lime in Egypt (EEAA 2020); tracking the collection and disposal of household waste, sterilizing containers and public places, and providing scavengers with protective clothing and equipment to protect them from the risk of infection in Morocco (MDS 2020); and the closure of about 4245% of MSW sorting centers and 99% of MSW recycling centers, in order to protect sanitation workers from the risk of spreading infection, in France (MDSDLS 2020). Wang Z, Guy C, Ng KTW, An CA. 0000029383 00000 n
It has been revealed that SARS-CoV-2 can survive on various kinds of surfaces, for 2 h up to 9 days, such as plastic, steel, PVC, aluminum, metal, wood, ceramic, Teflon, and glass (Kampf et al.
Generally, in the city of Makkah, the generation rates of MSW have been decreased, due to suspension of Umrah and partial Hajj performance, the closing of commercial centers and other activities (e.g., schools, universities, hotels, and sporting activities), and the prevention of gathering in public places, during the COVID-19 lockdown. 2000). Hantoko D, Li X, Pariatamby A, Yoshikawa K, Horttanainen M, Yan M. Challenges and practices on waste management and disposal during COVID-19 pandemic. A specific guidance plan for MSW management during the COVID-19 pandemic was developed for handlers, pickers, collection, transportation, transfer stations, and MSW disposal. Dr Almulhim obtained a Master's degree from the University of Colorado Denver, USA in 2015, and he obtained a Bachelors degree from Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (formerly Dammam University). 0 I^ `@Qt`!n@,tK@AgkB|4_12^hh{4,\ ah,(pA#QA)j&
" 0000006405 00000 n
0000029946 00000 n
Such a guidance plan may play a great role in controlling the pandemic. 2020). 611 0 obj
<>
endobj
1Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, 2Department of Environmental and Health Research, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O.
SARS-CoV-2 can persist on plastic and metal surfaces for 72 h at 2123C and 40% RH (van Doremalen et al. Therefore, establishment of appropriate guidelines for dealing with the PPE problems related to environment and public health is necessary (Wang et al. 2021a). 0000002585 00000 n
0000028921 00000 n
Biryukov J, Boydston JA, Dunning RA, Yeager JJ, Wood S, Reese AL, Ferris A, Miller D, Weaver W, Zeitouni NE, Phillips A, Freeburger D, Hooper I, Ratnesar-Shumate S, Yolitz J, Krause M, Williams G, Dawson DG, Herzog A, Dabisch P, Wahl V, Hevey MC, Altamura LA. Therefore, the disposal of personal protective tools (e.g., face masks and gloves) in public streets (Figure (Figure8)8) and in the metal containers distributed in Makkah may represent a potential source of infection. This was due to a lack of recycling options and poor understanding about the benefits and potentials of recycling e-waste, among other issues. 2005; Sizun et al. The results of the current study revealed that the hierarchical system of MSW was modified under pandemic conditions. Uh vt3LVvB ?^z\@ mo_O>4SJ*4 @;:{}W6bZ hG[n.jix `g\3i"-tV _'>^fJiq9. Lai MY, Cheng PK, Lim WW. Experimentally, SARS-CoV-2 could survive for more than 2 days on inoculated stainless steel, plastic, ceramics, glass, wood, surgical masks, paper, cotton, and latex gloves (Liu et al. These control measures impacted the MSW generation, characterization, and management, with a significant increase in medical wastes. Previous studies have suggested that other coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV, can survive on non-porous surfaces for up to 910 days (Casanova et al. Respondents in the study processed e-waste as if it were another sort of urban solid trash. To control the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in outdoor environments, a specific guidance plan for the management of MSW in Makkah should be obeyed, to face the significant challenges for MSW related to the persistence of COVID-19 on different materials. Before The face masks and gloves used as preventive tools against SARS-CoV-2 infection, as advised by all the responsible authorities (MoH 2020), may turn into a new factor for its infectious spread. Implementing additional health precautionary measures in several residential districts in Jeddah, by preventing entry to or exit from them and curfew in them over a 24-h period, Starting the travel procedures for Umrah performers who are late to leave from King Abdulaziz international Airport in Jeddah. The impacts of COVID-19 on both implemented actions on MSW in Makkah and on the hierarchy of MSW management were investigated. The system of MSW management in Makkah can be summarized into five major steps: (1) the baseline data of the MSW, in the context of generation rates, quantities of recyclable materials, MSW characterization, and quantities of MSW; (2) the collection procedure of MSW by using the street-to-street method, and during the peak months of Ramadan (Umrah season) and pilgrimage periods for the holy places in Makkah; (3) the transportation of the collected MSW from Makkah and holy places to the MSW transfer stations, then transporting to Kaakia landfill (southwest Makkah); (4) the recovery of MSW, which is not represented in Makkah; and, finally, (5) the disposal of MSW at Kaakia landfill (Figure (Figure4)4) (Alsebaei 2014). Precautionary measures should be implemented, to minimize the potential exposure to MSW which is mixed with the PPE of the public citizens. @DGYDz)#zx!ih?3h3}ih!b!dS{PTmAuO&Lx2{ 8$VshPw}HTTbhT=v*IQK jSb)cq^f>}'_73 %;u&#} 8 !i%v!v@O "o"AtT1D1Z0@xdZP>k(
h9d&PlyAYdTK~PB^`%
}u2vu*_ht4kWdf:0M842&'tN?s;A0!.jg{O<7\Xlh?[Md{I3w` h's9H. All MSW samples weighed in a range of 412 Kg, based on waste management characterization guidance (EPA 2002). The pandemic-stage components of MSW were compared to those in pre-pandemic conditions. 0000010079 00000 n
xref
Liu Y, Li T, Deng Y, Liu S, Zhang D, Li H, Wang X, Jia L, Han J, Bei Z, Zhou Y, Li L, Li J. After imposing of curfew and lockdown, the number of daily SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases reduced gradually. An official website of the United States government. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (2020) Guidance on preparing workplaces for COVID-19. Consequently, the generated MSW quantities serve to pressurize the load on disposal sites (e.g., landfills). The generated MSW from restaurants and cafes will be decreased. 2021). The people who were obliged to quarantine had a private room and bathroom available, such that no one had contact with them, and their waste was placed in sealed bags and sterilized before leaving the room, in order to avoid the spread of infection (MoH 2020). Learn more The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized disasters related to environmental topics, human health, social lifestyles, and economic systems around the world. A comparison on MSW characterization in Makkah in pre-pandemic and during COVID-19 pandemic conditions. On 21 March 2020, KSA announced the suspension of all domestic and international travel. % FOIA COVID-19, Guidance plan, Municipal solid waste, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The present study reviews MSW management practices in the pre-pandemic conditions of Makkah, as well as during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key performance indicators (KPIs) such as the waste compositional analysis, waste recycling and waste accumulation index, prevention activities, and awareness activities were used to measure the environmental performance level in an area, in the framework of waste strategy development (Loizia et al.
Sitemap 0