The filtration factor is defined as the ratio of the filtrate volume (Vf) to the cell volume (Vo) (Snchez and Rivas, 2011). One alternative for improving these results is the use of copolymer based on AMPS with a nonionic monomer with a higher tendency to coordinate one of several metal ions in solution (Valle et al., 2015). Sci. Eng. 38, 16291652. The formation of a coordinate bond or ionic bond can be a result of interactions between the functional polymer and metal ions in solution. Oncol. As(III) and As(V) Adsorption by hydrous zirconium oxide nanoparticles synthesized by a hydrothermal process followed with heat treatment. 31, 8692. Another similar hybrid was prepared using aluminum oxyhydroxide as the inorganic moiety (Prez et al., 2016). doi: 10.1002/app.1819, Roosen, J., Spooren, J., and Binnemans, K. (2014). Polym. B Biointerfaces 103, 523529. Arsenate removal by nanostructured ZrO2 spheres. J. On the other hand, the capture of arsenic from aqueous media is important by high toxicity and environmental impact (Snchez et al., 2015). doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.08.023, Kotal, M., and Bhowmick, A. K. (2015). The results demonstrate that the combination of these methods is highly useful for potential applications related to the treatment of wastewater contaminated with As(III) (Yuksel et al., 2014). Those methods include the use of LPR as a pre or post treatment in combined methods such as chemical or electrochemical oxidation/reduction coupled to ultrafiltration using water-soluble polymers (Arar et al., 2014; Snchez et al., 2015, 2017; Chou et al., 2018). Precipitation of heavy metals from wastewater using simulated flue gas: sequent additions of fly ash, lime and carbon dioxide. Received: 19 January 2018; Accepted: 10 July 2018; Published: 31 July 2018. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Macromolecules 10, 949954. Figure 3. Synthesis, characterization and swelling behaviors of poly(sodium acrylate)/vermiculite superabsorbent composites. Eng. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00238-5, Dong, Q., Liu, J., Song, L., and Shao, G. (2011). Ahmadi, A., Heidarzadeh, S., Mokhtari, A. R., Darezereshki, E., and Harouni, H. A. Chem. (2001). PAMPS is a homopolymer that exhibited the highest retention capacity (around of 60%) of Cu(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) at pHs 3.2 and 5.7. (2003). Using poly(AA)-Sn (10 wt-% theoretical tin content), 90% of As(III) retention is obtained at Sn-As(III) 20:1 and a poly(AA)-Sn:As(III) 400:1 mole ratio (Rivas and Aguirre, 2007). 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Subsequently, the electroanalysis of Cr(VI) was conducted by linear sweep voltammetry and full electrolysis at controlled-potential in acidic media and in the presence of PDDA. Based on the literature, a pendant-type polycation can form an equimolar complex with the polyanion. In the study poly[glycidyl methacrylate N-methyl D-glucamine], P(GMA-NMG), was synthesized and purified by ultrafiltration membranes. Figure 4 shows the removal of As(III) and As(V) by LPR. Hybrid anion exchanger with dispersed zirconium oxide nanoparticles: a durable and reusable fluoride-selective sorbent. Impregnating titanium phosphate nanoparticles onto a porous cation exchanger for enhanced lead removal from waters. Heavy metal removal from water/wastewater by nanosized metal oxides: a review. (2017). Chem. High sorption of U(VI) on graphene oxides studied by batch experimental and theoretical calculations. 598, 258271. London: CRC Press. 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At higher pH value, PAA is deprotonated and due to electrostatic repulsion of charged carboxylate groups and metal ions are binding with either one or two neighbor groups. Int. It is known that polyamines such as poly(ethyleneimine) P(EI) are suitable macromolecular ligands for the complexation-ultrafiltration of metal ions. J. The pH-dependent surface charging and points of zero charge: v. update. Future trends concerning to LPR technique involve the developments of hybrid methods. Sn(II) could coordinate as 2-4 carboxylate groups in structure conventionally bidentate but they are not symmetric. 147, 151158. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.016, Iesan, C. M., Capat, C., Ruta, F., and Udrea, I. Ind. 261, 534541. Effect of porosity of goethite on the sorption of six heavy metal ions. A Physicochem. Energy 33, 918924. Adsorption of Pb (II), Cd (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) onto natural kaolinite clay. Chem. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.049, Mandal, S., Sahu, M. K., and Patel, R. K. (2013). 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In general, P(ClVBTA) and P(ClAETA) showed higher retention capacities to As(V) species at pH values 8 and 6 compared to 4. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.078, Keywords: polymers, nanocomposites, membranes, pollutants, water, Citation: Rivas BL, Urbano BF and Snchez J (2018) Water-Soluble and Insoluble Polymers, Nanoparticles, Nanocomposites and Hybrids With Ability to Remove Hazardous Inorganic Pollutants in Water. Sci. Environ. PAMPS presented a high retention capacity of all of the metal ions at both pH values, while PVP showed a selective retention for nickel ions. 450, 1725. Comparatively PVP and PAMPS exhibited a different behavior toward the metal ions. 186, 13351342. 313, 899911. The R(%) of arsenic showed that the best performances are found at 10 and 20 wt-% tin content for both arsenic species with a maximum retention at pH 8 and 4 (Rivas and Aguirre, 2007). Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.06.011. doi: 10.1016/S0008-6223(03)00392-0. 61, 2329. 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The experimental results indicated the retention of Ni(II) was achieved selectively compared to null retention of Cu(II) and Cd(II) at both pH values using PVP at pH 3.2 and 5.7. Eng. Heavy metals removal using hydrogel-supported nanosized hydrous ferric oxide: synthesis, characterization, and mechanism. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.076, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Borai, E. H., Breky, M. M. E., Sayed, M. S., and Abo-Aly, M. M. (2015). Many applications of water-soluble polymers for the selective separation or concentration of various metal ions from water, have been reported in the literature. (2007). A., Goyer, C., Coche-Guerente, L., Dumy, P., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2007.07.008. (2015). Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.03.012, Trivedi, P., Axe, L., and Dyer, J. Polym. 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The performance of the polycationic and polyanionic chains in the copolymer was studied toward arsenic retention in function of pH (see Figure 3). doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.10.126, Spitalsky, Z., Tasis, D., Papagelis, K., and Galiotis, C. (2010). (2010). The nature of the polymermetal ion interaction can be classified into two groups. Sci. doi: 10.1021/ie202260g, Hristovski, K. D., and Markovski, J. Amsterdam: Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.11.095, Rhim, J.-W., Park, H.-M., and Ha, C.-S. (2013). The performance of pure P(AA), was found to be negligible in the retention of arsenate anions, independent of the pH (Rivas et al., 2006). Liu, M., Jia, Z., Jia, D., and Zhou, C. (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2013.03.011, Alexandratos, S. D. (2009). Mater. Chain characteristics of poly (2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate) polymers. A 2, 1941519426. Prog. Eng. Singha Deb, A. K., Dwivedi, V., Dasgupta, K., Musharaf Ali, S., and Shenoy, K. T. 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(B) Retention values for As(III) and As(V) for Z = 10, mol ratio (400:1), at different pH's. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.108, Hristovski, K. D., Westerhoff, P. K., Crittenden, J. C., and Olson, L. W. (2008). The removal of arsenic by water-soluble polymer was obtained in a 99% yield using a 20:1 polymer:As(V) molar ratio at a pH value of 9. J. Soils Sediments 5, 3036. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.06.033, Toledo, L., Jelinek, L., Gordyatskaya, Y., Campos, C., and Urbano, B. F. (2018). (2017). Eng. (2017). Microchim. When tin content was 3 wt%, the retention degree was negligible. The resulting hybrid exhibits anion and cation exchange capabilities (Dong et al., 2011). Exceptional arsenic (III,V) removal performance of highly porous, nanostructured ZrO2 spheres for fixed bed reactors and the full-scale system modeling. The scientific community is interested to find new methods to produce water of quality, using technologies of low cost, easy use, and higher efficiency compared to conventional treatment such as coagulation and flocculation, chemical precipitation, electrochemical treatment, adsorption, and ion-exchange (Asman, 2009; Chen et al., 2009; Doula, 2009; Nanseu-Njiki et al., 2009; Duan et al., 2010; Jiang et al., 2010). Polymerzirconium oxide nanoparticles have been successfully applied in the sorption of As(V), As(III), Cr(VI), and fluoride (Kosmulski, 2002; Mandal et al., 2013; Pan et al., 2013, 2014; Padungthon et al., 2014; Hua et al., 2017). (2007). 39, 19341972. This behavior can be explained by the electrostatic interaction of metal ions with sulfonate groups located at the external position of the helical structure of PAMPS (Liekens et al., 1997). Polym. The mixture of PAMPS and PVP in solution was not efficient for the retention of the studied metal ions (Valle et al., 2015). Chem. Total Environ. J. The synthesized hybrid had different contents of 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propylmethacrylatecomonomer that in turn acted as a coupling agent, and solely the change of this compound modified the sorption performance of the hybrid (Campos et al., 2015). Synthesis of a novel flocculant on the basis of crosslinked Konjac glucomannan-graft-polyacrylamide-co-sodium xanthate and its application in removal of Cu2+ ion. J. Sci. However, weaker interactions should also be considered (Rivas et al., 2011). Chem. Desalination 270, 5763. 64, 595604. Mater. Sorption enhancement of lead ions from water by surface charged polystyrene-supported nano-zirconium oxide composites. JS thanks to DICYT from USACH (Grant No 021741SP). Removal of heavy metal ions by dithiocarbamate-anchored polymer/organosmectite composites. It was subsequently used for arsenic removal by coupling electro-oxidation (EO) and LPR processes. Water Res. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.008, Rivas, B. L., and Aguirre, M. D. C. (2007). 168, 14301436. Polymer-supported nanocomposites for environmental application: a review. Tech. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.046, Fan, L., Luo, C., Sun, M., Li, X., and Qiu, H. (2013). Polym. Mater. 268, 362370. Colloids Surf. The sulfonic acid polymers PAMPS [poly (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid)] and related analogues are highly potent inhibitors of angiogenesis. 71, 191200. P(AA) is a polymer with proton-donating properties, however in this case its complexation with cationic polyelectrolyes depends of the composition of each unit in the copolymer and also on the pH of the aqueous solution. The bands at 777 and 540 cm1 confirmed the Sn-O bond (Rivas and Aguirre, 2007). The results of the polymer-metal ion interaction for P(EI) were as follows: at pH 3, the P(EI) presented selectivity only for Cu(II), reaching 74% retention. The concentrations, forms, and relative ratios of both As(V) and As(III) in water vary significantly depending mainly on changes in the pH and oxidation potential. Hybrid ion exchanger supported nanocomposites: sorption and sensing for environmental applications. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.10.001, Li, H., Shan, C., Zhang, Y., Cai, J., Zhang, W., and Pan, B. IUPAC (1997). (2007). doi: 10.1002/pat.3830. (2006), Rivas and Aguirre (2007). doi: 10.1016/j.wri.2013.09.003. Acid and organic resistant nano-hydrated zirconium oxide (HZO)/polystyrene hybrid adsorbent for arsenic removal from water. Water Res. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.040, Cui, Y., Hu, Z. J., Yang, J. X., and Gao, H. W. (2012). Tech. Eng. Preparation of poly(vinylalcohol)/poly(acrylamide-co-vinyl imidazole)/-Fe2O3 semi-IPN nanocomposite and their application for removal of heavy metal ions from water. doi: 10.1002/app.24093, Rivas, B. L., Hube, S., Snchez, J., and Pereira, E. (2012). A. Sci. The arsenite retention by P(AA) is negligible, independent of the pH. Polym. 42, 37863790. doi: 10.1021/cm9601143, Xu, Y., Axe, L., Yee, N., and Dyer, J. Tech. Electrochem. Mater. J. 40, 22132218. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.02.023, Zhou, L., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., and Huang, Q. doi: 10.1021/ie801449k, Chvez-Guajardo, A. E., Medina-Llamas, J. C., Maqueira, L., Andrade, C. A. S., Alves, K. G. B., and De Melo, C. P. (2015). Sci. Synthesis of water-soluble cationic polymers with star-like structure based on cyclodextrin core via ATRP. J. Eur. The results for the removal of As(V) by P(ClVBTA) and P(ClAETA) by the washing method presented in Table 2. The copolymer compared to homopolymers showed different retention behavior toward metal ions. Water-soluble polymermetal ion interactions. Prog. Arsenic is present in water mainly as arsenate [As(V)] and arsenite ions [As(III)] which are related to arsenic acid (H3AsO4) and arsenous acid (H3AsO3), respectively. Hazard. 35, 357401. The As(III) oxidation reached 100% after 30 min of illumination with UV-A light. Carbohydr. In addition, photocatalysis has been used in combination to LPR to remove improve removal capacities of arsenic (Yuksel et al., 2014; Molinari and Argurio, 2017). Zang, Z., Hu, Z., Li, Z., He, Q., and Chang, X. Ind. Hazard. doi: 10.1065/jss2005.01.126, Grover, V. A., Hu, J., Engates, K. E., and Shipley, H. J. 8H2O) into the polymer, followed by the treatment with alkaline solution to produce the zirconium hydroxide and then heating to form the hydrated zirconium oxide. 166, 923931. Polymer nanocomposites that combine the different properties of inorganic compounds and polymers, can not only enhance the physical properties (for example, mechanical stability), but also, the addition of nanoparticles can provide novel functionalities such ads magnetic characteristics useful to facilitated the separation, or new surfaces of interaction that improve the efficiency and selectivity of the adsorption. J. Electrochemical oxidation and removal of arsenic using water-soluble polymers. 361, 509520. Adv. Selective removal of the heavy metal ions from waters and industrial wastewaters by ion-exchange method. Finally, the electrolysis of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) was performed successfully in the presence of PDDA (Snchez et al., 2017). The enrichment method in LPR was used to determine the maximum retention capacity of the polymer, and the release of Cr(VI) and regeneration of the polymer were analyzed by sorption-desorption process. 99, 255264. 51, 127187. At pH 7, the retention capacities for all of the metal ions were maximized (Cd(II) 99%, Zn2+ 98%, Cu(II) 100%, Co(II) 98%, and Ni(II) 100%), with the exception of Pb(II) and Cr(III), which showed no retention. Sci. A. Simultaneous removal of As(V) and Cr(VI) from water by macroporous anion exchanger supported nanoscale hydrous ferric oxide composite. Adv. Aspects 191, 107121. J. Indus. Eng. On the other hand, a non-crosslinked polymer or soluble polymers may also be used for the water decontamination. J. Prog. The tin contents added were 3, 5, 10, and 20 wt %. Adapted from Rivas et al. Although, some composite adsorbents compounds have reached their marketing successfully (Lewatit, Ferrix), in general, the complexities of these composite systems increase the costs by making them less attractive to its arrival on the market. Ind. Res. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.054, Monier, M., Ayad, D. M., Wei, Y., and Sarhan, A. Toxicol. Technol. Chelating water-soluble polymers associated with ultrafiltration membranes for metal ion removal. Eng. Arsenate retention from aqueous solution by hydrophilic polymers through ultrafiltration membranes. In addition, different polymer:As(V) molar ratios (31:1, 20:1, 10:1, 6:1, and 3:1) have been studied. Adapted from Rivas et al. Water Res. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.04.004, Madadrang, C. J., Kim, H. Y., Gao, G., Wang, N., Zhu, J., Feng, H., et al. The LPR technique was also used in the removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution using water-soluble poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), PDDA, and subsequent electrochemical reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) (Snchez et al., 2017). Furthermore, titanium oxide (Borai et al., 2015; Urbano et al., 2015; Mahmoud et al., 2017) and aluminum oxide (Onnby et al., 2012; Praipipat et al., 2017) nanocomposites have been obtained to be used as adsorbents. Eng. (2016). Adsorption performance of functionalized chitosan-silica hybrid materials toward rare earths. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.11.068, Jiang, M.-Q., Jin, X.-Y., Lu, X.-Q., and Chen, Z.-L. (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.024, Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Liu, J., and Wu, L. (2013b). Water-insoluble polymer-clay nanocomposite ion exchange resin based on N-methyl-d polymer-clay nanocomposite ion exchange resin based on N-methyl-dglucamine ligand groups for arsenic removal. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 102, 26772684. Prog. Res. Understanding arsenate reaction kinetics with ferric hydroxides. doi: 10.1039/c3py21128b, Yuksel, S., Rivas, B. L., Snchez, J., Mansilla, H. D., Yaez, J., Kochifas, P., et al. Studies about the use of water-soluble copolymers that contain anionic and cationic sites were performed for the retention of As(V) from water. Chem. Water Res. Removal of arsenic from water by combination of electro-oxidation and polymer enhanced ultrafiltration. On the other hand, the retention capacity of copolymer was lower compared to PAMPS. Chem. 51, 353361. 314, 192201. Sustain. 31, 298305. Eng. Prog. 72, 642649. (2006). Norwich: Iwa Publishing. Interfaces 4, 11861193. The dissociation of P(AA) is suppressed at pH of 4 (below the pKa = 5.6). A. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6700(02)00028-X, Rivas, B. L., Pereira, E. D., Palencia, M., and Snchez, J. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2012.03.065, Valle, H., Snchez, J., and Rivas, B. L. (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.012, Nanseu-Njiki, C. P., Tchamango, S. R., Ngom, P. C., Darchen, A., and Ngameni, E. (2009). J. Chem. Liekens, S., Neyts, J., Degrve, B., and De Clercq, E. (1997). For LPR studies, a polymer with a high molecular weight (above 100 kDa) interacts with the anions, and the ultrafiltration membrane retains the new polymer-anion. The LPR technique easily allows the separation of several species (metal ions, metalloids and organic pollutants), which are bonded to water-soluble polymers. Water Resour. Chem. It is remarkable that the high efficiency of the polycation is kept constant in the recuperation of As(V) species, even at strong higher arsenic concentrations. (2009). At first stage, the complete EO of As(III) to As(V) was performed with a platinum reticulated vitreous carbon-modified electrode and the advancement of the electrolysis was monitored by analytical electrodes. Poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) and poly(2-acrylamido glycolic acid) polymerclay ion exchange resins with enhanced mechanical properties and metal ion retention. J. Appl. Copyright 2018 Rivas, Urbano and Snchez. A. doi: 10.1016/j.impact.2016.09.004, Zhao, X., Lv, L., Pan, B., Zhang, W., Zhang, S., and Zhang, Q. (2003). (2011). 47, 62586268. The hydrogen and covalent bonds between cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes hinders the retention of arsenic anions. Chemosphere 171, 126133. Bidentate complexation modeling of heavy metal adsorption and competition on goethite. Matyjaszewski, K., Gaynor, S. G., Qiu, J., Beers, K., Coca, S., Davis, K., et al. 106, 18891894. Bio-nanocomposites for food packaging applications. Novel phenyl-iminodiacetic acid grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes for solid phase extraction of iron, copper and lead ions from aqueous medium. Modeling the sorption kinetics of divalent metal ions to hematite. J. Appl. Removal of copper (Cu2+) from water using novel hybrid adsorbents: kinetics and isotherms. Mater. In this study the retention of arsenic depended mainly of factors such as the pH, polymer concentration and copolymer composition (Rivas et al., 2006). doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.07.008, Chen, C., and Wang, X. doi: 10.1002/pat.999. Reactive Funct. doi: 10.1002/jctb.4109, Urbano, B. F., Rivas, B. L., Martinez, F., and Alexandratos, S. D. (2012b). For this reason water-soluble complexes of tin (II) salt was prepared in a matrix of poly(acrylic acid), PAA. Water Res. (2013a). Res. Arsenic removal from water by coupling photocatalysis and complexation-ultrafiltration processes: a preliminary study.
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