nozzle pressure formula fire

4. Actual water usage is much more accurate than theoretical usage drawn on paper. Fiberglass sandbags hZny(S$ r`)qF?X&@99=C2H.e]uqcE6;ol. Side-Mount and Top-Mount Pumper Delivered to the Ridgeway (NJ) Fire Company. Most fire departments and fire engines have a standard operating procedure (SOP) to attack a fire. Nozzle reaction is the resultant lbf of pushback from the combined volume and pressure leaving the nozzle. The end of the hose may be submerged enough for priming, but when a large volume of water is pumped, a whirlpool is sometimes formed which uncovers the end of the hose. When higher than normal lifts are involved or at high altitudes, larger hose is needed. should be used to counter the reactive force generated by a 1.25 inch-or a 1-inch-bore-diameter Capacity limiting pressure a. %PDF-1.6 % By the use of a wye, one may have one large supply line feeding two or more smaller hand lines. A bathroom scale is adequate. at a home improvement store cost approximately 25 cents each. Most combination nozzles are rated at 100 psi. The U.S. Department 20 GPM for each open nozzle on the hose-lay, Use the picture to determine the GPM passing through each section of hose, endobj <>stream of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and Without those practices, nozzle reaction forces beyond 60 pounds typically begin to reduce the effectiveness of the single firefighter nozzle operator. See operating instructions, 5. to determine the nozzle reactive force (See figure 1). The reality is that the stream quality is maintained throughout that wide flow range, and the nozzle operator typically does not identify one lacking volume. The operating pressure of the smooth bore is a range from 40 to 60 pounds per square inch (psi), with 50 psi as optimal. Each organization has their own procedures for determining Friction Loss. 110 0 obj In warm, humid weather, the lack of condensation on the hose coupling attached to the discharge port supplying this line, B. nozzle at 400 gallons per minute. In this case, prime may be obtained by closing the discharge valve immediately when the pressure drops and then re-priming, 2. Calculating General-purpose sand that is packaged Booster tank iv. The USDA assumes no responsibility Using a scale, fill all sandbags to the same weight. endobj Compute the friction loss for one line of 3 hose delivering 400 GPM a. Use the bore diameter of the nozzle Although the engine had sufficient power originally, there are several reasons why the power can decrease to the point at which it will not handle the pump at the rated capacity and pressure b. Each of the lines will carry 500 GPM and the friction loss in the feeder lines will be about 22 pounds for the 100 foot lay. Information contained Labor required Insufficient engine power a. This may be rounded off to 0.5 pounds per foot of elevation for fire ground calculations. General-purpose SIAMESE LINES TOTAL GPM FL PER 100 FEET 500 10 600 15 700 20 800 24 900 30 1000 40 WYE OPERATIONS Wye operations are very common and are used in one way or another on just about any fire of consequence. Determine the elevation gain or loss (in feet) for the last nozzle in the selected (circled) path If there is a gain in elevation, multiply by 0.5 and add the result as (+) H (20 psi) in the Pump Discharge Pressure formula If there is a drop in elevation, multiply by 0.5 and subtract the result as (-) H in the Pump Discharge Pressure formula. Many organizations chose to leave hardware out of the Pump Discharge Pressure calculations (which is easiest). Faulty pump packing c. Leaky pump gaskets All suction hose gaskets should be wiped clean of sand, pebbles and any other foreign matter before hose is attached to the pump. x 1.25²)]², The formula for nozzle reaction pressure and then the nozzle reactive force. Engine company pumps into the ladder intake. Relief valve improperly set a. Things to suspect are: i. 1. 112 0 obj Divide the total GPM by two lines; this will give 400 GPM through each line, 2. See manufacturers relief valve operating instructions, 2. A 150-gpm or 2.5-gallon-per-second nozzle may seem inferior to one that flows 185 gpm or three gallons per second. The engine would be running at a discharge pressure of 210 pounds. Stretch a line from the pumper to a gated outlet on the first floor, 2. %PDF-1.7 If there were two 1 lines each 600 feet in length, the discharge pressure would be 280psi and the engine would be running at excessive RPM for the job. What is key to remember is that nozzle ratings are just ratingswhen closed, all nozzles flow 0. How To Remove any house lines, reducer connections and/or pressure reducers, 3. in this document has been developed for the guidance of employees of the 30 pounds FL per 100 feet = 60 pounds total (disregard the second line), 4. EQUAL SIZE LINES 1. With good practices and techniques, firefighters can work beyond the outlined nozzle reaction parameters above. sand, also available at home improvement stores, costs approximately $1.25 per 1 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 3 0 R /PageLabels 4 0 R /JT 5 0 R >> endobj 2 0 obj << /ModDate (D:20071030132532-04') /Producer (ApogeeX 3.0 Normalizer) /Creator (PScript5.dll Version 5.2.2) /CreationDate (D:20071030132524-04'00') /Author (hp2) /Title (Microsoft Word - DPO Hydraulics Refresher.doc) >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 11 /Kids [ 6 0 R 7 0 R ] >> endobj 4 0 obj << /Kids [ 8 0 R 9 0 R ] >> endobj 5 0 obj << /A [ 10 0 R ] /Cn [ 11 0 R ] /V 1.100000 >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Parent 3 0 R /Type /Pages /Count 5 /Kids [ 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R ] >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Parent 3 0 R /Type /Pages /Count 6 /Kids [ 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R ] >> endobj 8 0 obj << /Nums [ 0 23 0 R 1 24 0 R 2 25 0 R 3 26 0 R 4 27 0 R ] /Limits [ 0 4 ] >> endobj 9 0 obj << /Nums [ 5 28 0 R 6 29 0 R 7 30 0 R 8 31 0 R 9 32 0 R 10 33 0 R ] /Limits [ 5 9 ] >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Dt (D:20071030132533) /JTM (Apogee X) >> endobj 11 0 obj << /D [ 34 0 R ] /Type /JobTicketContents >> endobj 12 0 obj << /Resources 35 0 R /ArtBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Parent 6 0 R /TrimBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /Type /Page /BleedBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Contents 36 0 R /CropBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] >> endobj 13 0 obj << /Resources 37 0 R /ArtBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Parent 6 0 R /TrimBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /Type /Page /BleedBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Contents 38 0 R /CropBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] >> endobj 14 0 obj << /Resources 39 0 R /ArtBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Parent 6 0 R /TrimBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /Type /Page /BleedBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Contents 40 0 R /CropBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] >> endobj 15 0 obj << /Resources 41 0 R /ArtBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Parent 6 0 R /TrimBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /Type /Page /BleedBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Contents 42 0 R /CropBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] >> endobj 16 0 obj << /Resources 43 0 R /ArtBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Parent 6 0 R /TrimBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /Type /Page /BleedBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Contents 44 0 R /CropBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] >> endobj 17 0 obj << /Resources 45 0 R /ArtBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Parent 7 0 R /TrimBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /Type /Page /BleedBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Contents 46 0 R /CropBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] >> endobj 18 0 obj << /Resources 47 0 R /ArtBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Parent 7 0 R /TrimBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /Type /Page /BleedBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Contents 48 0 R /CropBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Resources 49 0 R /ArtBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Parent 7 0 R /TrimBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /Type /Page /BleedBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Contents 50 0 R /CropBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Resources 51 0 R /ArtBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Parent 7 0 R /TrimBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /Type /Page /BleedBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Contents 52 0 R /CropBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Resources 53 0 R /ArtBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Parent 7 0 R /TrimBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /Type /Page /BleedBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Contents 54 0 R /CropBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Resources 55 0 R /ArtBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Parent 7 0 R /TrimBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] /Type /Page /BleedBox [ 0 0 630 810 ] /Contents 56 0 R /CropBox [ 9 9 621 801 ] >> endobj 23 0 obj <> endobj 24 0 obj <> endobj 25 0 obj <> endobj 26 0 obj <> endobj 27 0 obj <> endobj 28 0 obj <> endobj 29 0 obj <> endobj 30 0 obj <> endobj 31 0 obj <> endobj 32 0 obj <> endobj 33 0 obj <> endobj 34 0 obj << /Fi [ 57 0 R ] /P [ ] >> endobj 35 0 obj << /ColorSpace << /Cs8 58 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ExtGState << /GS1 59 0 R >> /Font << /TT3 60 0 R /TT2 61 0 R >> >> endobj 36 0 obj << /Length 1614 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream <> 21. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Worn piston rings vii. May be due to one or more of the following: i. Impeller wear rings or other pump parts binding ii. High points in the suction line (caused, for example, by running suction hose over a bridge railing) create air pockets which may case loss of prime ii. Applying water or oil to the suspected points may aid in detecting leaks. A study by Paul Grimwood outlined three working limits: one firefighter [60 pound-force (lbf)], two firefighters (75 lbf), and three firefighters (95 lbf). Intake at the GMP flow provided For course and testing purposes, the Fire Apparatus Engineer Committee has accepted a standard flow for pre-piped waterway of 1000 GPM. bag, and tightening up the second bag's fastener (See figure 3). Pressures should be approximately 50psi and should not exceed that recommended for the suction hose or pump. The valve should be in a parallel (volume) position when pumping more than one half of the rated capacity iii. In 2005, when we wanted to see if a nozzle study was needed for our department, one of the first steps was to take 10 engine companies, have them deploy and flow a 1-inch attack line, and record the pump discharge pressure. The idea that a firefighter can always call for more water comes from the known that an automatic has that wide flow range. those values (19.4 psi) and enter the sum as A in the Pump the hose. Create a list based on your SOP and determine if there are common situations where your combination of hose, hardware, elevation change & nozzle pressure, where you will likely run into trouble with adequate pressure or excessive pressure. Calculating TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). The following may prevent the pump from developing sufficient pressure: 1. The aerial is elevated 50 feet above grade on a 100 foot aerial with a 2 tip (1000 GPM). age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or But, typically you're not be able to see which nozzles are on or off. Consider the simple basics, good elevated streams are possible if: 1. Try to keep supply lines under 300 feet 2. The solid bore discharge Many people have used a variety of methods to demonstrate nozzle reaction like fish scales and rope, but the actual force is calculated using the nozzle reaction charts. As pump discharge pressure varies in response to changing discharge volumes, the reference pressure in the accumulator acts on a hydraulic cylinder which in turn actuates a rod connected to the throttle linkage thereby adjusting the engine speed. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); 2020 Fire Training Toolbox. Use a Friction Loss Calculator to determine the Friction loss for each enter it beside each section of hose, and underline that number.>. We therefore: IF THE PUMP WILL NOT PRIME OR LOSES PRIME 1. Add 80 pounds NP to the 60 pounds FL = 20 pounds approximate loss for the deluge set and this will be the engine discharge pressure a. Enter the friction loss calculation to the right each hose's GPM. The suggestions listed below should be helpful. Multiply the FL for 100 feet by the length of the lay in hundreds of feet a. Ladder truck pumps through internal piping to the ladder, 2. Suction hose has collapsed a. Badly worn wear rings a. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names is for the information Put the right weapon in your operators handsit may not be the one with the greatest fire power. Fire Engine Pump Discharge Pressure (PDP) is the pressure set at the pump to achieve the desired pressure at the nozzle furthest from the pump (while considering the change in elevation and friction loss). If the nozzle firefighter can comfortably flow that 150 gpm nozzle for 30 seconds at a time around a corner while actively playing it, he is delivering 75 gallons to the fire environment. Learning how to set Pump Discharge Pressure is better learned & reviewed in training to gain a good understanding that you take to the field. Ek@$W &*@:d4zL@300RX " 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. Assume that all nozzles are flowing at 20 GPM and the fire is burning atop a small hill (40 feet above the fire engine). In the example above, if you add a second 100 ft section of 1" hose hooked directly to the fire engine (pumpking at 288 psi), it will have a nozzle pressure over 200psi. All students having aerial devices shall utilize the manufacturers specified friction loss in their departments pre-piped aerials. For example, if you have 600 ft of 1" hose pumping 40 gpm, there is 144 psi friction loss, add the 100 psi nozzle pressure, 80 ft elevation (add 40 psi head pressure) and you are at 288 psi (without considering hardware). Detecting air leaks a. Connect suction hose to the pump with a cap on the opposite end of the hose b. All the calculations work the same for structure fires, vehicle fires and wildfires. You can also see the side-by-side comparison of a 150-gpm-at-50-psi fog nozzle with a 100-psi automatic fog nozzle. Persons Reaction for a 1-inch-Bore-Diameter Nozzle These are the situations you should know and share with your crew. 8. Using nozzle reaction parameters and a set minimum standard for volume, the rest of the process is relatively simple: Find nozzles that flow greater than 150 gpm with nozzle reactions near 60 pounds, and put them in the hands of firefighters for them to find their preference. Use that Add each appliance's friciton loss in the path PDP you are calculating and enter appliance friciton loss as "A" in the PDP formula. If a relief valve is set at a pressure below the desired operating pressure it will bypass water and lower the capacity (see manufacturers relief valve operating instructions), 2. The smooth bore nozzle may be viewed by some as dated, but if you take a little deeper look at history, you can see some very sound reasoning in the smooth bore nozzle. Warn firefighters that nozzles near the pump may have an extremely high pressure. Though it may look difficult to compute, it is actually no harder than a single line. If the pump is operating at draft under normal suction conditions and the maximum rated capacity is exceeded the pressure will be low due to the characteristic of a centrifugal pump even if the engine has plenty of power and speed c. Excess capacity may raise the suction vacuum to a point above that which the pump was designed and lowered pressures will result d. On pumping units having engines with low surplus power, the pressure will be limited by engine power if surplus capacity is being pumped 27. The San Dimas Technology and Development Center recommends that fiberglass sandbags %PDF-1.3 % Find the path from the fire engine to the nozzle with the highest friction loss. section, and NFPA 1911, "Standard for Service Tests of Fire Pump Systems Compute the friction loss for one line of 3 hose delivering 400 GPM a. The next step was to determine a target flow for our 1-inch attack lines, as it was clear from this initial test that we did not have one. The advertised benefit of an automatic nozzle is a wide operating range without stream compromise. Without getting too in depth, this is achieved through an internal compensatory spring that adjusts with flow to maintain a constant nozzle pressure and stream. Cost Unfortunately in their good intentions is a risky business of not only underpumping (pressure) but by design also undersupplying (volume) those firefighters entering the structure. Since nozzle reaction is dictated by a combination of pressure and flow, it serves as the perfect point in the discussion to bring the two together. Compute the friction loss for one line of 2 hose delivering 400 GPM a. 0 150 gpm at 50 psi fixed-gallonage fog: Nozzle reaction force of 54 pounds, 78-inch smooth bore, 161 gpm at 50 psi: Nozzle reaction of 60 pounds, 150 gpm at 75 psi fixed-gallonage fog: Nozzle reaction force of 65 pounds, 1516-inch smooth bore 185 gpm at 50 psi: Nozzle reaction force of 69 pounds. 111 0 obj 2. The friction loss factor for pre-piped waterways will include the friction loss in the: 3. of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room for the interpretation or use of this information by other than its own The operating range of most automatic pump pressure controllers is between 75-500 pounds. Such use does not constitute an official Rural Metro Fire Knox County (TN) Puts Most Expensive Fire Bicyclist Dies After Collison with Fire Truck in Grover Beach (CA). 4 x 4 x 2 + 4 = 36 pounds FL per 100 feet, 3. *,vm[z aO${&t } '/WZW63Wj ~9M3T`(*MC Xlszj @Y?s-`rr52FKB Vh{kKbs8:FS uf% NlC ew 5SW| S,5I If the water is turned off you need to consider cavitation of your pump. 137 0 obj The vacuum will promptly decrease as shown by the vacuum gauge, 2. The transfer valve should be in series (pressure) when pumping at high pressures, 4. Engine speed too low i. The FAE decides to use two 100 foot lengths of 3 hose as feeder lines to supply the aerials siamese in the rear of the aerial. In some cases, it may be impossible to rearrange the suction hose to eliminate the high point, 1. On occasion however, trouble will show up in one form or another and even an experienced operator may have difficulty in locating and correcting it. 2. Using the average of 100 gpm from that 100-psi automatic fog nozzle and the fog nozzle reaction formula, we discovered that our firefighters and operators have subconsciously shown that a nozzle reaction of 50 pounds is a comfortable point. % When it is necessary to supply a pre-piped waterway, there are some basic facts the FAE will have to know: 1. For the goal of the study, we wanted to establish 150 gpm as the minimum flow for any interior attack lines. In many cases, it is being discovered that, for the most part, the only true gain has been nozzle reaction, which simply equates to more work on the nozzle firefighter. Nolensville (TN) Fire and Rescue Department Considers Station Needs, Newly Released Video Show Scene Before Three People Killed in Kansas City (MO) Fire Truck Crash, Rural Metro Fire Knox County (TN) Puts Most Expensive Fire Truck, Ever, in Service. The automatic pump pressure controller is a device which regulates the engine speed of a pumper to preclude surges or drops in the pressure of operating discharge lines as other lines are closed or opened. Circle each of the PSI friction loss values for every hose in that path. <>/Metadata 368 0 R/ViewerPreferences 369 0 R>> With the finding that our firefighters felt most comfortable handling about 50 pounds of nozzle reaction, we had a starting point. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). But, the user takes full responsibility for the information contained above. <>stream Add the two FL answers together and divide by two a. "2:fKa K>Dc7f5;_O~g):co0{Bm%m::U0NM%PoM!RMF^c|.5`> /Y >AX@S i"PYz&ky7Ht\bcPd$vwkG|=QIW"XwozT Itw3PfV%t,Tu+"W7UDip fSi8#xX+;h1FD($B7-"B@\z^l}l%PIy $4A,Fi[1--hEZ5E$ rh This is due to the fact that the inner liner often goes back in place when the suction vacuum is removed ii. The following are suggested methods to indicate if youre not getting into a sprinkler or standpipe system with a supply line. Our department primarily has three-person engine staffing. With a Factor of Safety of 2 to 3, it For further information, contact Chassis transmission in wrong gear iv. USDA is an equal opportunity This number comes from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1710, Organization and Deployment of Fire Suppression Operations by Career Fire Departments. one should hold the nozzle. Enter 139.4 into your formula. NP = [(400gpm)/(29.71 Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), its contractors, D. The inability to gate and feather various pressures on the discharge port to which this line is attached a. reactive force. 4 x 4 x 2 + 4 = 36 x 0.4 = 14.4 or 15 pounds FL per 100 feet of hose, 4. endobj EXAMPLE: It is necessary to supply a deluge set with a 1 tip from 400 feet away. Main pump packing should always be kept adjusted tightly enough to prevent excessive leakage (see manufacturers operating instructions for proper packing adjustment procedure). This is the amount of water for which the supply line must be computed a. Dirt in the suction screens i. Dirt-clogged suction screens may make it difficult to prime the pump, as well as cause the pump to lose its prime after it is started ii. If you don't have a GPM output gauge, firefighters will tell you if the pressure is too high or too low by radio or hand signals. If you ever stretch a line from an engine to the second-floor bedroom as the nozzle firefighter with only one other person, you will discover instantly that you must learn to operate that nozzle without the luxury of a backup firefighter behind you to assist in countering nozzle reaction. startxref When it becomes necessary to siamese, divide the GPM by the number of lines that pump is supplying. However, these working limits are very accurate for the majority of firefighters and the median level of training. Lloyd Layman and various others brought the fog nozzle into the American fire service, vendors started to develop automatic nozzles, and before we knew it there was a shift from a 50-psi fire service to 100 psi. Governor limiting engine speed v. Insufficient engine power, 3. stores sell fiberglass sandbags with an attached metal ring designed to tie In this case, the proper clearance should be restored by the method outlined by the manufacturer in the priming pump operating instructions f. Excess carbon on exhaust primer valve seats i. A broken or deteriorated priming valve spring may cause the valve to leak and the pump to lose its prime. Introduction Suction hose not submerged deeply enough a. $ q@ @a The standard outlines that the first two attack lines in operation at any residential structure fire flow a minimum of 300 gpm combined. Insufficient pump speed a. Example: How many pounds of sandbags Locating air leaks Air leaks may frequently be detected by ear if the engine is stopped. stream Use at your own risk! If the pump pressure drops below 30 pounds per square inch, the unit automatically disengages, thus protecting the engine as in the case of loss of prime. The formula With the NFPA wording, you could flow 100 gpm with your initial line and 200 gpm with a second line, but the common sense approach and now industry standard have targeted 150 gpm as an interior attack standard. There are four ways to supply a pre-piped waterway: 1. Burned distributor points iv. Drain valves v. Gauge b. The third principle of fluid pressure, Pressure applied to a confined fluid from without is transmitted in all directions without diminution. NOTE: Methods A and B may not be readily apparent or the best indication, especially if the pumper is supplying additional lines which are already flowing. Add 80 pounds NP to the 100 pounds FL + 20 pounds approximate FL in the deluge set a. When the pump operators were asked why they pumped at their selected pressures, almost all responses were not flow-related; they were firefighter-related. Follow the manufacturers recommendation ii. Fire Hose Guide," PMS 466, NFES 1308, Febbruary 1997, "Safety in Testing" x]Ys8~w&V4q$7sY}]H\ dZ*$2zWw}go|7n_^UORg7MuOzURU'Ud&>uW?ok?>yS8wn' CmTcynu}|UX/ MuF>}(37q^3BU!px67\V-LBlRwwm/>VnGSErky^{Q}KY 0C_70>]^t[?~AL`L@=XVG7 vVd.8#Fg9 yG|HT-Q\j. (NR) for sloid bore nozzles is NR = 1.57 D²NP Suction screen and impeller vanes fouled with debris a. Backwash of water from the pump through the impellers when the pump is stopped usually cleans the impeller vanes i. Debris on the pump suction screen however, usually remains in the suction hose and is immediately caught by the screen when pumping is resumed ii. Add up evaluation, conclusion, recommendation, endorsement, or approval of any Leaks may be found by applying water pressure to the pump and suction hose by means of an auxiliary pump or hydrant. Use The Fiberglass Sandbags weight in sandbags to effectively counter the amount of hose thrust or nozzle J7OW\NCBKHg-3\lN41=IT&KEA; ##TdLILq6aq/Gg&XkfY'ZFIs` HB_'sc]=0w">s-?g`vdD3oB&y""Ez Y_^'OOO'\rW&.V)q^4w tDrobDVZk"-I'wutU"UJX4 40 pounds FL for the 2 supply line 60 pounds FL for the 1 hand line 100 pounds NP + 10 pounds for the wye 210 pounds Engine Discharge Pressure 19 The lay would give 200 GPM through two 1 lines 600 feet from the engine. When it becomes necessary for a pumper to deliver large quantities of water, a siamese operation will be needed. = [(gpm)/(29.71 x D²)]² All that remains is to add either the Nozzle Pressure if supplying a deluge gun or 20psi for residual pressure if supplying another engine. Sufficient lines of sufficient diameter are run from the pumper to the base of the elevated apparatus, 3.

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