marine deep cycle battery amp hours

Since all the electrolyte (acid) is contained in the glass mats, they cannot spill, even if broken. Never add acidto a battery except to replace spilled liquid. Finally, we made appropriate changes based on the environmental temperature the battery was likely to be operating in. This may occur several hundred times per minute. This article deals mainly with lead acid batteries and makes reference to the internal design you can find out more about this in the article What is a lead acid battery? To make an accurate assessment of your boat's requirements for both mission-critical and less important demands, use a load requirements worksheet like this example from the American Boat and Yacht Council. Note that a couple of them are listed as "power trackers" - for a full explanation of this, see our page on "Why 130 watts does not equal 130 watts". Many batteries follow no particular code, and are just manufacturers part numbers. Instead of using the generally accepted 20 hour rate they base their capacity on something higher like a 100 hour rate the battery is capable of powering a 1 amp appliance for 100 hours. Sealed batteries are made with vents that (usually) cannot be removed. boats.com is part of the Boats Group Network. Thicker plates are directly related to longer life, so other things being equal, the battery with the thickest plates will last the longest. There are so many variables, such as depth of discharge, maintenance, temperature, how often and how deep cycled, etc. These use gas phase transfer of oxygen to the negative plates to recombine them back into water while charging and prevent the loss of water through electrolysis. They charge OK, but a charger rated at 20 amps may only be supplying 5 amps when the batteries are 80% charged. Not quite. Solvents or spray cleaners should not be used. Current is sent to batteries at the maximum safe rate they will accept until voltage rises to near (80-90%) full charge level. Either replace with all new or use a good used battery. To get around this, Xantrex (and maybe others?) At 32F (0C), amp hours drop by 20%, at -22F (-27C), the decrease is 50%. Even the so-called "dry charged" (where you add acid when you need them) have a shelf life of 18 months at most. Throughout this article we have been considering which battery we would need to power a 5 Amp appliance for 20 hours. In many installations, where the batteries are set in an area where you don't have to worry about fumes or leakage, a standard or industrial deep cycle is a better economic choice. It is often hard to tell what you are getting in a "marine" battery, but most are a hybrid. To see the full size picture, just click on the small one. If left for long periods unused, these should be trickle charged to avoid damage from sulfation - but this applies to ANY battery. What you save on batteries you will have to make up for by buying a larger solar panel system. Battery capacity is reduced by 50% at -22 degrees F - but battery LIFE increases by about 60%. The subject of batteries could take up many pages. They cannot be fast charged on a conventional automotive charger or they may be permanently damaged. A brand new battery will have a capacity of about 5-10% less than the rated capacity. If your batteries spend part of the year shivering in the cold, the reduced capacity has to be taken into account when sizing the system batteries. Battery capacity (how many amp-hours it can hold) is reduced as temperature goes down, and increased as temperature goes up. Float Charge: The 3rd stage of 3-stage battery charging. You have to be careful when looking at ratings that list how many cycles a battery is rated for unless it also states how far down it is being discharged. It will vary from about 2.74 volts per cell (16.4 volts) at -40 C to 2.3 volts per cell (13.8 volts) at 50 C. This is why you should have temperature compensation on your charger or charge control if your batteries are outside and/or subject to wide temperature variations. Voltage remains constant and current gradually tapers off as internal resistance increases during charging. Not all shunt type controllers are 100% on or off, but most are. A newer type of sealed battery uses "Absorbed Glass Mats", or AGM between the plates. Because of something called thePeukert Effect. Occasional dips into the yellow are not harmful, but continual discharges to those levels will shorten battery life considerably. These type of batteries have all the advantages of gelled, but can take much more abuse. That also means that they will not leak acid even if broken. We have seen gelled cells destroyed in one day when overcharged with a large automotive charger. when operating regularly in an environment of around 122F (50C), we can reduce the Ah capacity we need by 12%, so anything rated higher than 106 Ah will fit our needs. Many have "group" sizes, which is based upon the physical size and terminal placement. This means that they can sit in storage for much longer periods without charging than standard batteries. Nearly all large rechargeable batteries in common use are Lead-Acid type. boats.com, 1221 Brickell Avenue, 23rd Floor, Miami, FL 33131, USA. (Some, such as the Concorde AGM, use the 24 hour rate, which is probably a better real-world rating). Voltages at this stage typically range from 10.5 volts to 15 volts. To have something longer lasting, leave a generous measure of extra time. Eds blog posts appear courtesy of his website, EdsBoatTips. This gives a very large surface area, but if deep cycled, this sponge will quickly be consumed and fall to the bottom of the cells. Batteries self-discharge faster at higher temperatures. If a battery is discharged to 50% every day, it will last about twice as long as if it is cycled to 80% DOD. Note that the voltages whenactually chargingwill be quite different, so do not use these numbers for a battery that is under charge. This same thing can occur in gelled cells if they are overcharged and gaps or bubbles occur in the gel. We have used the Concorde SunXtender AGM batteries in some of our vehicles with no problems. All we have room for here is a basic overview of batteries commonly used in photovoltaic power systems. Voltages are for a 12 volt battery system. The lifespan of a deep cycle battery will vary considerably with how it is used, how it is maintained and charged, temperature, and other factors. In a recent article on boats.com I talked about amperes in your boats electricalsystem. The recombining is typically 99+% efficient, so almost no water is lost. Deep cycle batteries have much thicker lead plates to withstand long and intense discharging. These are usually special purpose "float service", but often appear on the surplus market as "deep cycle". The typical golf cart will have plates that are around .07 to .11" thick. You may not notice the difference at first but after a few charges and discharges the thin plates inside will start to buckle. If you are investing for the long term and you would like your battery to get the most from your purchase then one with an Ah rating twice that which you actually require would give you a much better service life and actually represent a cost saving. Lead-Antimony (such as forklift and floor scrubber) batteries have a much higher self-discharge rate (2-10% per week) than Lead or Lead-Calcium (1-5% per month), but the Antimony improves the mechanical strength of the plates, which is an important factor in electric vehicles. Top 10 Choices for Boaters, 11 Holiday Gift Ideas For Boaters This Season, 10 Cool Last Minute Holiday Gifts for Boaters. There is no hard and fast rule to this decline as much will have depended on how the battery was used since new. The generally accepted AH rating time period for batteries used in solar electric and backup power systems (and for nearly all deep cycle batteries) is the "20 hour rate". This is why your car battery dies on a cold winter morning, even though it worked fine the previous afternoon. Since not all batteries have exactly the same acid strength, this will give you a baseline for future readings. The standard rating for batteries is at room temperature - 25 degrees C (about 77 F). The biggest problem with NiFe batteries is that you may have to put in 100 watts to get 70 watts of charge - they are much less efficient than Lead-Acid. The positive (+) plate is what gets eaten away gradually over time, so eventually there is nothing left - it all falls to the bottom as sediment. Here are two worked examples using our 100 Ah battery from above (that we have increased to 120 Ah so as to reduce wear and tear from very deep cycling). You can have very strong solution at the bottom, and very weak at the top of the cell. Industrial batteries are usually designated by a part number such as "FS" for floor sweeper, or "GC" for golf cart. Starting (sometimes called SLI, for starting, lighting, ignition) batteries are commonly used to start and run engines. These are some typical (minimum-maximum) expectations for batteries if used in deep cycle service. He also is the curriculum director for the American Boat and Yacht Council. Voltage on a fully charged battery will read 2.12 to 2.15 volts per cell, or 12.7 volts for a 12 volt battery. To get a full charge, you must continue to apply a current after the battery voltage reaches the cutoff point of most of these types of controllers. These voltages are for batteries that have been at rest for 3 hours or more. Most of the modern controllers have automatic or manual equalization built in, and many have a LOAD output. Here well cover the steps you can follow to find the right battery for your needs. Lifespan can also be seriously reduced at higher temperatures - most manufacturers state this as a 50% loss in life for every 15 degrees F over a 77 degree cell temperature. To avoid cable overheating, you should stick to C/4 or less. This will NOT tell you how good (capacity in AH) the battery condition is - only a sustained load testcan do that. As a general rule, if you are going to use a true deep cycle battery (such as the Concorde SunXtender) also as a starting battery, it should be oversized about 20% compared to the existing or recommended starting battery group size to get the same cranking amps. Conversely the lower the drain, the more efficient the battery is. The major construction types are flooded (wet), gelled, and sealed AGM (Absorbed Glass Mat). The voltages below apply to ALL Lead-Acid batteries, except gelled. It is NOT a measure of battery capacity. Distilled or deionized water should be used to top off non-sealed batteries. If measured right after charging, you might see 1.27 at the top of the cell, even though it is much less at the bottom. Even after over a century of use, they still offer the best price to power ratio. This is important because some manufacturers and vendors have chosen to rate their batteries at the 100 hour rate - which makes them look a lot better than they really are. AGM batteries main advantages are no maintenance, completely sealed against fumes, Hydrogen, or leakage, non-spilling even if they are broken, and can survive most freezes. Only clean water should be used for cleaning the outside of batteries. Max storage life on those is about 18 to 30 months. Chargers: Most garage and consumer (automotive) type battery chargers are bulk charge only, and have little (if any) voltage regulation. Thin plates (used in starter batteries) buckle under these circumstances causing the battery to short out or limiting its ability to recharge. Generally, new AGM batteries have the lowest, and old industrial (Lead-Antimony plates) are the highest. Capacity is increased at higher temperatures - at 122 degrees F, battery capacity would be about 12% higher. One last note on temperatures - in some places that have extremely cold or hot conditions, batteries may be sold locally that are NOT standard electrolyte (acid) strengths. A "float" trickle charge should be maintained on the batteries even if they are not used (or, especially if they are not used). However, if your batteries are outside, and the controller is inside, it does not work that well. This also means that since they are non-hazardous, the shipping costs are lower. Wrong! that it is almost impossible to give a fixed number. The vent caps on flooded batteries should remain on the battery while charging. CA and MCA ratings are at 32 degrees F, while CCA is at zero degrees F. Unfortunately, the only positive way to tell with some batteries is to buy one and cut it open - not much of an option. We can see this by using a formula known as Peukerts Law: You can work out your own needs using our online Peukerts Law calculator. When you first buy a new set of flooded (wet) batteries, you should fully charge and equalize them, and then take a hydrometer reading for future reference. The higher the rate of discharge, the higher the internal resistance inside the cells and the more energy that is wasted in heat. The newer AGM (absorbed glass mat) batteries have all the advantages (and then some) of gelled, with none of the disadvantages. NiFe (Nickel-Iron) batteries are also available - these have a very long life, but rather poor efficiency (60-70%) and the voltages are different, making it more difficult to match up with standard 12v/24/48v systems and inverters. Should I upgrade to a Gel Battery for my trolling motor? On the table below, you have to be careful that you are not just measuring the surface charge. This "leakage" or self discharge varies considerably with battery type, age, & temperature. Inactivity can be extremely harmful to a battery. The correct term is deep cycle. They are expensive to buy and very expensive to dispose of due to the hazardous nature of Cadmium. AGM's have a very low self-discharge - from 1% to 3% per month is usual. This makes sure that all the cells are equally charged, and the gas bubbles mix the electrolyte. Those same batteries are rated at less than 5 years if cycled to 50%. Specific gravity will be about 1.265 for a fully charged cell, and 1.13 or less for a totally discharged cell. These are sometimes called "taper charge" - as if that is a selling point. PWM, or "pulse width modulation" accomplishes the same thing. The most practical number to use is 50% DOD on a regular basis. Sometimes called "fork lift", "traction" or "stationary" batteries, are used where power is needed over a longer period of time, and are designed to be "deep cycled", or discharged down as low as 20% of full charge (80% DOD, or Depth of Discharge). For this reason, external (add-on) temperature sensors should be attached to one of the POSITIVE plate terminals, and bundled up a little with some type of insulation on the terminal. The one issue that Peukerts Law (see above) does not take into account is temperature, it assumes temperature will be around 77F (25C). Unfortunately, battery performance significantly declines in colder conditions. Check out our most popular AGM battery brands: Universal Power Group, Concorde SunXtender, and Fullriver Battery. A few systems use NiCad, but we do not recommend them except in cases where extremely cold temperatures (-50 F or less) are common. It is important to realize thatvoltage measurements are only approximate. Deep Cycle Battery as a Starting Battery? Most valve regulated are under some pressure - 1 to 4 psi at sea level. This is actually not as bad as it seems, as the battery will tend to average out the good and bad times. Plate thickness (of the Positive plate) matters because of a factor called "positive grid corrosion". If plates are damaged, sulfated, or partially gone from long use, the battery may give theappearanceof being fully charged, but in reality acts like a battery of much smaller size. The Antimony increases plate life at the expense of higher self discharge. It can range from about 1% to 15% per month. The Concorde (and most AGM) batteries have no charge or discharge current limits. Marine batteriess are usually a "hybrid", and fall between the starting and deep-cycle batteries, though a few (Rolls-Surrette and Concorde, for example) are true deep cycle. In general, you get what you pay for. The 6-hour rate is often used for industrial batteries, as that is a typical daily duty cycle. Most industrial (fork lift) deep-cycle batteries use Lead-Antimony plates rather than the Lead-Calcium used in AGM or gelled deep-cycle batteries and in automotive starting batteries. Copyright 2022 Northern Arizona Wind & Sun. There is generally no problem with this, providing that allowance is made for the lower cranking amps compared to a similar size starting battery. If overcharged too many times, some of these batteries can lose enough water that they will die before their time. This is a charge that is about 10% higher than normal full charge voltage, and is applied for about 2 to 16 hours. This means that it is discharged down to 10.5 volts over a 20 hour period while the total actual amp-hours it supplies is measured. A battery rated at 180 amp-hours over 6 hours might be rated at 220 AH at the 20-hour rate, and 260 AH at the 48-hour rate. These use a variable voltage to keep the charging amps much more constant for faster charging. Conversely, to a certain point, they will perform better in much warmer conditions. However, since very few battery cables can take that much current, we don't recommend you try this at home. VIDEO How a zinc-carbon battery is made, VIDEO How an alkaline based battery is made, VIDEO How a nickel based battery is made. An amp-hour is one amp for one hour, or 10 amps for 1/10 of an hour and so forth. The plates in AGM's are tightly packed and rigidly mounted, and will withstand shock and vibration better than any standard battery. This happens because at very shallow cycles, the Lead Dioxide tends to build up in clumps on the the positive plates rather in an even film. This slide of hand can have a big impact on how long a battery can power various appliances. In such cases, the specific gravity and the voltages may vary from what we show. Knowing the discharge rate used by the manufacturer is as crucial as the Amp Hour capacity itself. These are often called traction batteries because of their widespread use in forklifts, golf carts, and floor sweepers (from which we get the "GC" and "FS" series of battery sizes). Ed Sherman is a regular contributor to boats.com, as well as to Professional Boatbuilder and Cruising World, where he previously was electronics editor. They are generally used where they are under constant or very frequent charge/discharge cycles, such as fork lifts and floor sweepers. have come out with "smart", or multi-stage chargers. If you use 1000 watts from a battery, it might take 1050 or 1250 watts or more to fully recharge it. A large insulated battery bank may vary as little as 10 degrees over 24 hours internally, even though the air temperature varies from 20 to 70 degrees. A clamp-on meter set to measure amperes will help you determine the electrical demands of your system. If the liquid in standard wet cells is not mixed, the electrolyte becomes "stratified". We have seen golf cart batteries destroyed without ever being used in less than a year because they were left sitting in a hot garage or warehouse without being charged. Also, there is an upper limit - a battery that is continually cycled 5% or less will usually not last as long as one cycled down 10%. This is converted to heat, which is why batteries get warm when being charged up. There is no "best" controller for all applications - some systems may need the bells and whistles of the more expensive controls, others may not. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. that are more suited for deep cycle batteries. This is why most industrial batteries have to be checked often for water level if you do not have Hydrocaps. AGM's do not have any liquid to spill, and even under severe overcharge conditions hydrogen emission is far below the 4% max specified for aircraft and enclosed spaces. Conversely, if it is drained slower, the AH capacity is higher. Lifespan is increased at the same rate if below 77 degrees, but capacity is reduced. ("C/8" is the battery capacity at the 20-hour rate divided by 8. The Crown L-16HC size has .22" thick plates. A battery "cycle" is one complete discharge and recharge cycle. This is true of flooded lead acid and sealed lead acid batteries. They all use the same chemistry, although the actual construction of the plates, etc varies. For long life batteries, such as the Surrette and Crown, you can have up to a one year age difference. Once the charging voltage reaches 2.583 volts per cell, charging should stop or be reduced to a trickle charge. These are nearly all various variations of Lead-Acid batteries. However, bear in mind the other elements in the system that might also need upgrades. As batteries age, their maintenance requirements change. A new AGM typically self-discharges at about 1-2% per month, while an old one may be as much as 2% per week. Part - or most - of the loss in charging and discharging batteries is due to internal resistance. Some Peukert Exponent values (not complete, just for info). It is during this stage that the charger puts out maximum voltage. VPC is the volts per individual cell - if you measure more than a .2 volt difference between each cell, you need to equalize, or your batteries are going bad, or they may be sulfated. While some battery manufacturers state a higher maximum charge rate, such as C/3, higher charge rates can result in high battery temperatures and/or excessive bubbling and loss of liquid. However, there are several disadvantages. It will not hurt a deep cycle battery to be used as a starting battery, but for the same size battery they cannot supply as much cranking amps as a regular starting battery and is usually much more expensive. The higher the internal resistance, the higher the losses while charging and discharging, especially at higher currents. Some models even have completely different plate designs to add even greater strength. For example, one of the widely advertised telephone type (float service) batteries have been advertised as having a 20-year life. In hot climates, water loss can be enough over 2-4 years to cause premature battery death. However, NiCads can be frozen without damage, so are sometimes used in areas where the temperatures may fall below -50 degrees F. Most AGM batteries will also survive freezing with no problems, even though the output when frozen will be little or nothing. Slower charging and discharging rates are more efficient. In the example above, a 120Ah rating would mean the battery rarely runs completely flat, so you will get many more cycles from your purchase. (They are not totally dry - they are actually filled with acid, the plates formed and charged, then the acid is dumped out). We learned how to recognizea real deep cycle battery and not a mislabeled starter battery, We checked the discharge rating used by the manufacturer to arrive at their Amp Hour rating, where we determined a 100 Ampere Hour battery (at the 20 hour rating) would power our 5 Amp appliance for the required 20 hours. Meters for Amps (from the panels) and battery Volts are optional with most types. This includes the standard flooded batteries, gelled, and sealed AGM. If your deep cycle battery is going to experience colder conditions, it is better to up the capacity in order to achieve the performance you expect. Batteries are divided in two ways, by application (what they are used for) and construction (how they are built). The Concorde AGM's are .115", The Rolls-Surrette L-16 type (CH460) is .150", and the US Battery and Trojan L-16 types are .090". Batteries that are stored for long periods will eventually lose all their charge. Adding another complication is that large battery banks make up a large thermal mass. If you have something that pulls 20 amps, and you use it for 20 minutes, then the amp-hours used would be 20 (amps) x .333 (hours), or 6.67 AH. Most better inverters commonly used in solar electric systems can be set to limit charging current to the batteries. 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Batteries are not 100% efficient - some energy is lost as heat and chemical reactions when charging and discharging. As chemicals in the battery change, electrical energy is stored or released. State of charge, or conversely, the depth of discharge (DOD) can be determined by measuring the voltage and/or the specific gravity of the acid with a hydrometer. Trojan T-105 = 1.25; Optima 750S = 1.109; US Battery 2200 = 1.20. Age and usage level should be the same as the companion batteries. Some other disadvantages of gel cells is that they must be charged at a lower voltage (2/10th's less) than flooded or AGM batteries. It isamps x hours. At 50% the reading will be 2.03 VPC (Volts Per Cell), and at 0% will be 1.75 VPC or less. They can vary considerably, depending on age, usage, care, and type. As you can see, two batteries, both rated 100 Ah, can perform very differently. Trojan Battery- not a lot of real technical info here, but has all the specifications.Rolls Battery- Specs and data on the Rolls & Surrette deep cycle and marine batteriesConcorde- specs and data on all the Concorde batteries, including Lifeline.Discover Battery - Lots of info on the Discover Battery brand of batteries.Discover Solar - A solar specific site for the Discover Battery brand.SimpliPhi, Posted in Batteries & Charging. Battery charging voltage also changes with temperature. Although called deep cycle, these batteries dont like complete discharge-recharge cycles and running them totally flat on a regular basis will cause internal damage that will shorten their lifespan.

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