This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, membrane technology, wastewater, potable water, fouling. Accessibility Monitoring scaling in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane systems. The two types of MBR, diagram taken from [92]. Biofouling in reverse osmosis membranes for seawater desalination: Phenomena and prevention. Dissolved Air Flotation in Combination with Ultrafiltration Membrane Modules in Surface Water Treatment. Other forms of pretreatment include the use of dissolved air flotation [172,173] and biological pretreatment methods [174,175,176]. Information on this page may have been supplied by third parties. Membrane distillation (MD) is a growing membrane technology being explored. writing: E.O.E. This hybrid process has a huge advantage of low external energy requirements for solvent-solute separation and serves as a multi-barrier for contaminant removal [87]. Stoquart C., Servais P., Brub P.R., Barbeau B. Sustainable water recovery from oily wastewater via forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD). Again, as compared to pressure driven membrane processes, membrane fouling is less due to larger pore size requirements. Rautenbach R., Linn T., Eilers L. Treatment of severely contaminated waste water by a combination of RO, high-pressure RO and NFPotential and limits of the process. Yamamoto K., Hiasa M., Mahmood T., Matsuo T. Direct solid-liquid separation using hollow fiber membrane in an activated sludge aeration tank. J. Harbin Inst. Membrane Distillation: Principles and Applications. Modified from [110]. Contaminant concentration has no influence on product quality [107,108]. As shown in Figure 5, the wastewater stream and the saline stream are circulated over the opposite sides of a semi-permeable membrane (designated FO). The fluid to be treated is fed into the tube under pressure. Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Desalination Handbook. Consequently, the longevity of the membrane is compromised. This module has the advantage of easy replacement of module elements and scaled up for large scale operations [120]. Huang J., Meagher M.M. A novel hybrid forward osmosis-nanofiltration (FO-NF) process for seawater desalination: Draw solution selection and system configuration. In a pilot scale experiment, Tooker and Darby [169] pretreated secondary effluent from the wastewater treatment plant of the University of California, Davis using a cloth media filter for onward treatment by microfiltration. Takht Ravanchi M., Kaghazchi T., Kargari A. In pressure driven membrane processes, flow dynamics such as turbulence flow regimes, flow in curved channels, vibrations in membrane modules, pulsative flow techniques etc. This type of cleaning is mostly employed in cleaning of membranes used in abattoir wastewater treatment. Basically, this involves cleaning of the membrane with air under pressure. This makes fouling in membranes inevitable. In an investigation conducted by Su, et al. Li J., Hou D., Li K., Zhang Y., Wang J., Zhang X. In: Ning R.Y., editor. For example, acid cleaning aims at removing inorganic foulants like salt precipitates or scales and metal oxides. Su X., Li W., Palazzolo A., Ahmed S. Concentration polarization and permeate flux variation in a vibration enhanced reverse osmosis membrane module. This module type houses a bundle of hollow fibers, whether closed or open end, in a pressure vessel. These materials accumulate and stick to membrane material over time [135]. An enzymatic approach to the cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes fouled in abattoir effluent. A review on the recovery methods of draw solutes in forward osmosis. Treatment of organic-contaminated wastewater streams by pervaporation. This is to further enhance the removal of dissolved and colloidal substances from feed wastewater as proved by [163,164,165,166,167,168]. Mikulek P. Methods to reduce concentration polarization and fouling in membrane filtration. In this design, a cold wall is added in the cold chamber. The final effluent was found to be of high quality, having low values of turbidity and BOD, as well as non-detectable levels of total and fecal coliform bacteria. ; writing (review and editing): E.O.E. In this design, a third channel is introduced, on which the permeate condenses. Watch the following video which explains the difference between the 'integrated' and the 'separate' membrane technologies for wastewater treatment. 6 December 2004; pp. For example, MD can be performed at operating pressures near atmospheric pressure. was written by A feasibility study of industrial wastewater recovery using electrodialysis reversal. Publ. Methods to reduce CP broadly fall under pretreatments, membrane modification, fluid management, or effective cleaning [125,126]. [161] and Kong, et al. [128] modified the surface of cellulose triacetate FO membrane (CTA) with magnetite nanomaterial to utilize the interforce between magnetic draw solutions and the magnetite to reduce ICP. Wang K.Y., Ong R.C., Chung T.-S. Double-Skinned Forward Osmosis Membranes for Reducing Internal Concentration Polarization within the Porous Sublayer. Domestic wastewater treatment by forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) integrated system. In a review titled Static Turbulent Promoters in Cross flow Filtration, Bhattacharjee, et al. Galinha C.F., Sanches S., Crespo J.G. Hybrid membrane bio-systems for sustainable treatment of oil and gas produced water and fracturing flowback water. Chi X.Y., Zhang P.Y., Guo X.J., Xu Z.L. Quist-Jensen C.A., Macedonio F., Drioli E. Membrane technology for water production in agriculture: Desalination and wastewater reuse. These spacers prevent sticking together of the membrane as well as provide channels for flow of feed and product. Since the condensation of the vaporized permeate occurs outside the membrane module, external condensers are needed to collect the product water. are mainly used in controlling CP [125]. The main Alkalis/bases used is sodium hydroxide (NaOH). [132], vibrations were imposed in RO membrane module during desalination to control CP. In membrane distillation, continuous studies are needed to adequately understand the concept of temperature polarization and, accordingly, developing suitable membranes will help make the process more viable for large scale application. Secondary clarifier effluent turbidity around 3-4 NTU. info@thembrsite.com Gonzlez D., Amigo J., Surez F. Membrane distillation: Perspectives for sustainable and improved desalination. The side stream MBR was the first to be introduced. In a similar application, Lpez Zavala, et al. Figure 8 shows a typical plate-and-frame design. These configurations are briefly discussed below. These salts may include, but not limited to CaSO4, CaCO3, and SiO2 [137]. Vigneswaran S., Shon H., Boonthanon S., Ngo H., Aim R.B. Conceptualization: E.O.E. Pervaporative recovery of n-butanol from aqueous solutions and ABE fermentation broth using thin-film silicalite-filled silicone composite membranes. In order to provide the needed driving force for MD, four main configurations are usually considered as shown in Figure 7. Abou-Shady A. To enhance heat maintenance in the system, membrane material must have a low thermal conductivity and very importantly also, a membrane for MD must also have low affinity for water to guard against unnecessary wetting of the membrane. Organic fouling occurs when there is adsorption of organic compounds present in natural organic matter onto the surface of the membrane and accumulate over time, hindering permeate movement through the membrane [134]. Riley S.M., Oliveira J.M.S., Regnery J., Cath T.Y. The acids commonly used include hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (NHO3) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) [143,153]. Application of electro-dialysis on removal of heavy metals. In this way, permeate flows perpendicular to the membrane surface, through the permeate spacers and finally collected in the central collection tube. Some techniques have been proposed to reduce fouling in membranes. These include high energy consumption, more down time, reduction in membrane filtration area etc. and S.R. Crespo J.G., Brazinha C. 1Fundamentals of pervaporation. The MBR book: Principles and Application of Membrane Biorector in Water and Wastewater Treatment. Microbial fuel cells: something for nothing? Nataraj S.K., Hosamani K.M., Aminabhavi T.M. Biofouling is the deposition and growth of biofilms on a membrane. [127] developed a double skinned FO membrane using cellulose acetate (CA) which was found to be very promising in reducing ICP. Emerging Membrane Technology for Sustainable Water Treatment. These physicochemical pretreatment methods are efficient in removal of suspended solids and organic contaminants that have high membrane fouling abilities. The mechanism of CP is such that a layer of accumulated solute particles is formed on the membrane surface as the permeate flows through the membrane. Physical cleaning: This involves mechanical treatment of the membrane to dislodge and remove foulants from the membrane [140]. Salahi A., Badrnezhad R., Abbasi M., Mohammadi T., Rekabdar F. Oily wastewater treatment using a hybrid UF/RO system. CP is defined as a phenomenon where particle concentration near the membrane surface is higher than in the major part of the fluid [123]. Sardari K., Fyfe P., Lincicome D., Ranil Wickramasinghe S. Combined electrocoagulation and membrane distillation for treating high salinity produced waters. The media provides support for the biofilm. The study showed that spacers can introduce some hydrodynamic conditions that reduce CP. for wastewater treatment purposes or for resource recovery from wastewater [7,88]. Gong H., Jin Z., Wang Q., Zuo J., Wu J., Wang K. Effects of adsorbent cake layer on membrane fouling during hybrid coagulation/adsorption microfiltration for sewage organic recovery. You must not post anything that is defamatory, illegal, offensive or which contravenes our privacy policy guidelines. Matin A., Khan Z., Zaidi S.M.J., Boyce M.C. Mo, et al. Langerak R.W., Koehler P.B., Tonelli F.A. It however has its own drawbacks in difficulty in cleaning the membrane units as the units are immersed in the bioreactor [94,95]. Adapted from [122]. Search our MBR directories. Condensation of permeate takes place outside the membrane module [96]. Sivakumar D., Shankar D., Gomathi V., Nandakumaar A. ostar-Turk S., Simoni M., Petrini I. Wastewater treatment after reactive printing. Different methods are adopted as pretreatments to precondition influents for membrane separation. [162] pretreated shale gas flow back water and produced water with chemical coagulation prior to treatment with UF. The air destabilizes and loosens the foulants from the membranes by causing a shear force on the membrane surface. Pretreatment for Low Pressure Membranes in Water Treatment: A Review. In most cases, enzymatic cleaning, energy uncoupling and quorum quenching are applied cleaning operations especially in membrane bioreactors [144,154,155]. [99] applied MD in the treatment of produced water from the Arabian gulf where they found MD very promising in terms of achieving high permeate flux and energy utilization. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Petrinic I., Korenak J., Povodnik D., Hlix-Nielsen C. A feasibility study of ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis (UF/RO)-based wastewater treatment and reuse in the metal finishing industry. Kumar R., Pal P. A novel forward osmosis-nano filtration integrated system for coke-oven wastewater reclamation. Food Industrial ProcessesMethods and Equipment. This hybrid membrane process is said to have existed for more than 50years, with little development for large scale or commercial use [7]. This paper attempted to summarize the major ones that are used, citing examples of their application, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as some membrane related areas like fouling and module structures. 5,227,063. An Y. Post-treatment of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket effluent by combining the membrane filtration process: Fouling control by intermittent permeation and air sparging. In FO, CP occurs within the porous support layer. According to their results, the energy efficiency of MD can be improved by increasing the driving force on the membrane. Alternatively, membranes are integrated with the biological step either as a membrane bioreactor (MBR) or a membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR). Schematic diagrams for the different types of MD configurations. Again, in purification of olive mill (Peloponnisos, Greece) wastewater, Paraskeva, et al. A membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) is an aerobic biological treatment process based on a fixed film, unlike for membrane bioreactors which are based on a suspended growth process. Nagy E. Chapter 19-Membrane Distillation. R. Soc. In AGMD, a stationary air gap is introduced between the membrane and the condensation surface. This is a mechanical cleaning process which is applicable to tubular membranes with large diameters [140,150]. It can be driven by renewable energy sources such as solar or wind. Hybrid FO-RO system for simultaneous seawater desalination and wastewater treatment. All these agents are accustomed to removing foulants of different composition or charge. Reverse Osmosis: Industrial Processes and Applications. This is one of the earliest modules developed. Ang W.L., Mohammad A.W., Hilal N., Leo C.P. Pore sizes usually range from 0.1 m to 1 m [98]. Campione A., Gurreri L., Ciofalo M., Micale G., Tamburini A., Cipollina A. Electrodialysis for water desalination: A critical assessment of recent developments on process fundamentals, models and applications. Fed. Electrodialysis and Electrodialysis Reversal: M38. The configuration offers a high packing density leading to high membrane surface area. Suite 2, Douglas House, 3234 Simpson Road, Fenny Stratford, Buckinghamshire, MK1 1BA, Email us on How is membrane filtration technology used in wastewater treatment? Another interesting hybrid membrane process worth talking about is membrane bioreactors. Edgar Q.-B., Hongde Z., Gary P. Membrane Pervaporation for Wastewater Reuse in Microirrigation. Cai Y., Hu X.M. Adapted from [121]. Membrane cleaning comes in to restore the permeation flux of a membrane which is lost as a result of fouling. Albornoz L.L., Marder L., Benvenuti T., Bernardes A.M. Electrodialysis applied to the treatment of an university sewage for water recovery. Sagle A., Freeman B. Allie Z., Jacobs E.P., Maartens A., Swart P. Enzymatic cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes fouled by abattoir effluent. In terms of separating nonvolatile materials from volatile ones, feed product separation is 100%. Williams C., Wakeman R. Membrane fouling and alternative techniques for its alleviation. Aliyu U.M., Rathilal S., Isa Y.M. The constant low pressure provided by the vacuum pump must be lower than the saturation pressure of the volatile components of the feed. Technically, pretreatments change the physical, chemical or biological properties of wastewater so as to make membrane separation more efficient [158]. This involves the removal of deposited materials on the membrane in order to pave way for movement of permeate. In the same vein, feed pretreatment, flow manipulation, rotating membranes, and gas sparging were recommended by Williams and Wakeman [142]. In: Gude V.G., editor. This would have to be determined based on the specifications of the membrane technology concerned. Hausmann A., Sanciolo P., Vasiljevic T., Ponnampalam E., Quispe-Chavez N., Weeks M., Duke M. Direct Contact Membrane Distillation of Dairy Process Streams. Inorganic fouling (scale) is the deposition of inorganic salts on the membrane surface. Klyuchnikov A., Ovsyannikov V.Y., Lobacheva N., Berestovoy A., Klyuchnikova D. Hydrodynamic methods for reducing concentration polarization during beer processing by membranes. DCMD is the most used MD configuration. This design is made up of a number of membranes, permeate spacers and feed spacers wound around a perforated central collection tube. Membrane desalination technologies in water treatment: A review. There is also the combination of coagulation/flocculation and adsorption as pretreatment methods for membrane processes. Membranes of different pore sizes were used to evaluate the effects on permeate quality and phenol concentration. These biofilms consist mainly of microbial cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which are formed as a result of the attachment of microorganisms to moist surfaces. This temperature polarization has a negative effect on the driving force, leading to lower permeate flux [7,52,98,109]. There are different forms of fouling, depending on the foulant. However, it is very expensive to produce due to the sophistication of the production process and the huge capital requirements [13]. Sponge ball cleaning: This involves the use of sponge balls to wipe the surface of membranes. This involves the addition of chemical agents to physical cleaning methods to enhance its effectiveness of the cleaning process. This design configuration makes use of vacuum, provided by a vacuum pump at the permeate side of the membrane. [160] applied electrocoagulation as a pretreatment to DCMD. Chemical Cleaning is employed in situations with irreversible fouling. Pneumatic cleaning: This includes air sparging, air lifting and air scouring. For high pressure purpose applications (up to 70 bar), the shell-side feed type is preferred, whereas for low to medium pressure purpose applications, the bore-side feed type is preferred. The basis of chemical cleaning is the knowledge of the interactions between foulant and membrane material, foulant and cleaning chemical and cleaning chemical and membrane material. This is very advantageous since it provides the option of choice of coolant. Pretreatment is the initial treatment given to wastewater prior to the application of membrane separation processes. Liu C., Caothien S., Hayes J., Caothuy T., Otoyo T., Ogawa T. Membrane Chemical Cleaning: From Art to Science. Kyllnen H.M., Pirkonen P., Nystrm M. Membrane filtration enhanced by ultrasound: A review. Enhancement of textile wastewater treatment process using Nanofiltration. Membrane modification is mainly applied in FO membranes to deal with internal concentration polarization. They are used mostly in organic fouling cleaning. Kujawa J., Cerneaux S., Kujawski W. Removal of hazardous volatile organic compounds from water by vacuum pervaporation with hydrophobic ceramic membranes. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Ellouze E., Tahri N., Amar R.B. Unlike physical and chemical cleaning that damage the membrane, biological and biochemical processes have low footprints in membrane cleaning and are more sustainable. Hybrid Membrane Processes using activated carbon treatment for drinking water: A review. Singha N., Ray S. Removal of pyridine from water by pervaporation using crosslinked and filled natural rubber membranes. Membrane processing for olive mill wastewater fractionation. Hube S., Eskafi M., Hrafnkelsdttir K.F., Bjarnadttir B., Bjarnadttir M.., Axelsdttir S., Wu B. So an MABR employs the membrane as a high-efficiency diffuser, rather than for solidsliquid separation as for the MBR. Jelena R.C., Marin M.S.C., Ivan M.C., Mira P.C., Dami B. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) as an advanced wastewater treatment technology.
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